Sample

Question 1

Holzel et al. (mindfulness)

Answer 1

• 33 (initially 35) right handed, healthy adults, aged 25-55 years
• Recruited from four MBSR courses held at the Center for Mindfulness at the University of Massachusetts Medical School
• Participants enrolled to help with stress reduction either because they had chosen to attend the course, or had been referred by their doctor
• Individuals were included in the study if they self-reported as physically and psychologically healthy and not taking any medications

Further inclusion criteria was:
1. No meditation classes in the past 6 months
2. No more than four classes in the past 5 years, or 10 classes in their lifetime
3. No contradictions for MRI scanning (metallic implants, claustrophobia)
4. Commitment to attend all eight classes and complete the daily homework

MBSR / EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
* Initially: 8 males, 10 females. Now, 6 males and 10 females as two males left after the first MRI session due to discomfort
* The remaining sample had a mean age of 38 years and included 13 Caucasian, 1 Asian, 1 African American, and 1 multi-ethnic participant
* avg 17.7 yrs of education

CONTROL GROUP (waitlist control grp)
* 11 males and 6 females with a mean age of 39 years
* avg 17.3 years of education
* 13 Caucasians, 2 Asians, 2 African Americans, and 1 Hispanic participant

• Written consent was obtained from all 33 participants
• Both the MBSR and the control groups did not differ in terms of age or education
• control group has the same eligibility criteria as the experimental group
• All participants received a discounted MBSR course fee for participation

Question 2

Andrade (doodling)

Answer 2

• 40 members of the MRC Applied Psychology Unit participant panel (opportunity sampling)
• aged between 18-55 years
• doodling group = 20 people (3 men)
• control group = 20 people (2 men)
• asked to join the study immediately after participating in an unrelated experiment for another researcher

Question 3

Milgram

Answer 3

• 40 males aged 20-50 years from New Haven and surrounding areas in the USA, with a range of professions and educational levels (volunteer sampling; responded to advert on local newspaper)
• e.g. high school teachers, postal clerks, etc
• ppts were paid $4.50 for their participation

Question 4

Bandura et al. (aggression)

Answer 4

• 72 children recruited from Stanford University nursing (opportunity sampling)
• 36 girls and 36 boys
• aged from 37-69 months
• mean age of 52 months

Question 5

Piliavin

Answer 5

• approx. 4450 men and women (55% white, 45% black)
• NYC subway passengers (opportunity sampling)

Question 6

Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)u

Answer 6

• 7 male and 2 female adults
• 5 studied in detail
• rest of the participants’ results were used to confirm results of the 5
• sleep lab at Uni of Chicago

Question 7

Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

Answer 7

• 21 male & 61 female rhesus monkeys living in natal groups
• as part of a wider group of 135 animals at Yerkes Primate Research Station in USA
• of these 135 animals, 14 adults weren’t studied as they received hormone treatments
• each natal group was housed in 25x25m outdoor area with access to a temp-controlled indoor environment with water available

Question 8

Fagen et al. (elephant learning)

Answer 8

• 5 female elephants
• 4 juveniles aged 5-7 years, all born in captivity
• 1 adult aged at least 50 years
• elephants were chosen because they were all relatively tame and NONE were pregnant, and because their mahouts were happy to take part (opportunity sampling)
• elephants had NO previous experience with secondary positive reinforcement and had only been trained using traditional methods

Question 9

Pozzulo

Answer 9

• 59 child participants
  
  • aged 4-7 years
  • 21 females
  • recruited from pre-k/kindergarten classes in 3 private schools in Ontario
• 53 adult participants
  * aged 17-30 years
  * 36 females
  * recruited from Introductory Psychology Participant Pool in Eastern Ontario Uni

Question 10

Baron-Cohen (eyes test)

Answer 10

• Group 1: AS/HFA
  * 15 males
  * mean IQ of 115, mean age of 29.7 years
  * VOLUNTEER SAMPLING: adverts in Autistic Society Magazine
  * all diagnosed using DSM or ICD
• Group 2: adult comparison group
  * 122 people
  * mean age of 46.5 years
  * no diagnosis of AS/HFA
  * OPPORTUNITY/VOLUNTEER SAMPLING: via ADULT COMMUNITY and EDUCATION CLASSES in Exeter and PUBLIC LIBRARY USERS in Cambridge
• Group 3: student comparison group
  * 103 people
  * mean age of 20.8 years
  * OPPORTUNITY/VOLUNTEER SAMPLING: from Uni of Cambridge
• Group 4: IQ matched group
  * 14 people
  * mean IQ of 116
  * mean age of 28 years
  * RANDOM SAMPLING from generlal population

Question 11

Saavedra and Silverman (button phobia)

Answer 11

• 9 year old Hispanic American boy
• he and mother sought support from Child Anxiety and Phobia Program at Florida Int. Uni.
• met criteria for specific phobia of buttons
• experienced symptoms for 4 years prior to study

Question 12

Perry et al. (personal space)

Answer 12

• 54 male undergraduates from the University of Haifa, Israel, aged 19–32 years.
• received course credit or payment in exchange for their participation.
• Five were left-handed,
• none had any history of psychiatric or neurological conditions
• all had normal or corrected-to-normal eyesight.