who founded ecofeminism?
Karen Warren
what is the logic of domination between nature and women?
the idea that nature and women supposedly lack traits that make them insubordinate compared to men.
what leads to the logic of domination?
the idea of moral superiority leads to logic of domination to justify the subordination of nature and women
who came up with the ‘loving eye vs. the arrogant eye’?
Marilyn Frye
what is the concept behind the loving and arrogant eye?
loving eye accepts difference and embraces it, no matter if it is human, animal, or object. to be grateful for the entity. arrogant eye only extends moral consideration for those who “think rationally” (men supposedly) and anything other than that is insufficient
what are the 8 feminist boundaries?
- feminism is intolerant of any type of -ism of social dominance
- feminism is contextualistic, reflecting all cultures
- it is pluralist, there is no “one truth”
- it is a theory that changes over time
- virtues like pluralism and contextualism show inclusiveness.
- feminism promotes voices of suppressed
- feminism is a place for all values rejected in society
- it rejects traditional views
what is the ethics of care in ecofeminism?
connecting the subordination of nature and women leads to an ethics of care rooted in a sustainable future with respect and fairness for women and everyone
what are the benefits of a first-person narrative?
it allows for emotions like empathy for living things and ecosystems and provides more authentic feelings and experiences
what is deep ecology?
that humans are not a part of the system, but pose a threat to the system and must change the outlook and behavior to save ourselves and the system.
who created the term deep ecology?
Arne Naess
what is shallow ecology?
fighting against pollution and resource development for the benefit and health of developed countries
shallow vs. deep ecology?
shallow ecology has a shallow point of view but rather popular and has lots of support. deep ecology calls on interconnectedness and importance of all parts of the biosphere.
complication vs. complexity in deep ecology?
complication refers to contradictory nature of humans and issues with ecology. Complexity refers to a unified structure that highlights interconnectedness which calls on deep ecology.
what is “self-realization” in deep ecology?
realizing that no one is saved unless everyone is saved, all humans, animals, plants, and microbes.
why is deep ecology not popular?
it opposes most Western civilizations like the U.S. that relies on control and power over women and nature
what are the 8 basic principles of deep ecology?
- all things have intrinsic value, regardless of their use to humans
- diversity of life is valuable
- humans may only reduce this diversity for VITAL needs
- flourishing of nonhuman life requires decrease in human life
- human relationship with nonhuman life is getting worse
- basic norms would need to change drastically to have a better future
- enhancing quality of life
- you are obliged to make changes
what is species egalitarianism?
a concept that all species are equal and possess moral standing and deserve respect
who critiqued deep ecology and came up with social ecology?
Murray Bookchin
deep ecology vs. social ecology?
deep ecology enhances that all species have intrinsic value and focuses on interconnectedness of all things. advocating for a radical shift in how humans view the environment. social ecology says that ecological issues are rooted in social issues. advocating for social change to tackle environmental degradation.
what is a social anarchist?
Cultural power begins with an individual and ripples out to broader social institutions, unmasking the hierarchy.
how is social ecology humanistic?
social ecology focuses on the unity of human society and environmental consequences. how the environment affects our societies and how reshaping our societies can benefit the environment
what is the Frankfurt school?
a school indebted to Marxist ideals
what is the culprit of social ecology according to Bookchin?
capitalism
who discussed if anthropocentrism is important?
McShane
