1
Q
What article of the TEU allows any European State to apply for EU membership?
A
Article 49 TEU
any European state; respecting art 2 values; committed to promoting them
2
Q
Copenhagen criteria
A
Est 1993; strengthened at the Madrid Council 1995
3
Q
What are the three main conditions of the Copenhagen criteria?
A
- Political: stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, rule of law, human rights and respect, protection of minortieis
- Economic: functioning market economy - ability to cope with the competitive pressure and market forces
- Administrative: ability to take on membership obligations
4
Q
How many chapters are there in the accession negotiations?
A
35 chapters
Screening - negotiation - agreement by all MS to close it
Fundamentals is open first and closed last
Each chapter corresponds to specific policy areas that candidate countries must negotiate.
5
Q
What are the thematic clusters of the 33 chapters in the accession negotiations?
A
- Fundamentals
- Internal market
- Competitiveness and inclusive growth
- Green agenda and sustainable connectivity
- Resources, agriculture and cohesion
- External relations
6
Q
What is the purpose of pre-accession assistance?
A
Define framework for accession process
1) key priority areas
2) pre-accession financial assistance
7
Q
In 2007 IPA repalced:
A
Phare, ISPA, SAPARD, CARDS, programme for Turkey
IPA consolidates various funding sources into a single instrument for candidates.
8
Q
What are the five components of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA)?
A
- Transition Assistance and Institution Building
- Cross-Border Cooperation
- Regional Development
- Human Resources Development
- Rural Development
9
Q
What is the current status of Türkiye in relation to EU membership?
A
Candidate country since 1999; negotiations started in 2005
Ankara Association Agreement 1963
Customs Union 1995
Türkiye’s accession is contingent on fulfilling specific obligations, particularly regarding Cyprus.
10
Q
Stabilisation and Association Process
A
EU’s policy to prepare Western Balkans for eventual membership
three aims 1) eventual membership; 2) promote regional cooperation; 3) stabilise politically and support transition to market economy
Launched 1999, strengthened in Thessaloniki summit
11
Q
What is the Economic and Investment Plan for the Western Balkans?
A
Supports post-pandemic socio-economic recovery and development gap
5.4 billion grants, aiming to mobilise 17.4 billion
68 flagship projects
12
Q
What were the results of the Brexit referendum held on 23 June 2016?
A
51.89% leave; 48.11% remain
This referendum led to the UK’s decision to exit the EU.
13
Q
When did the UK formally notify the European Council of its intention to leave the EU?
A
29 March 2017
14
Q
What agreements were signed between the EU and the UK on 30 December 2020?
A
- EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
- EU-UK Security of Information Agreement
- EU-UK Agreement for Cooperation on Nuclear Energy
15
Q
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
A
Launched 2004
Aim: bring the EU and its Eastern and Southern neighbours closer to mutual benefit
Objectives:
1) stabilise neighbourhood countries; 2) promote key EU interesys of good governance;
3) facilitate cooperation at regional level
16
Q
Which countries are included in the Southern dimension of the ENP?
A
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Israel
- Jordan
- Lebanon
- Libya
- Morocco
- Palestine*
- Syria
- Tunisia
17
Q
Union for the Mediterranean
A
Launched 2008, Paris Summit
Intergovernmental partnership - regional framework for cooperation
one plenary per year, 2024 in Rabat
continuation of the Barcelona process (1995)
18
Q
What is the Eastern Partnership (EaP)?
A
Agreed 2008, inaugurated 2009
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine
19
Q
What are the five long-term priorities of the EaP as outlined in the 2020 EC-HR Communication?
A
Reinforcing resilience and Eastern Partnership that Delivers for all, 2020
* Creates
* Protects
* Greens
* Connects
* Empowers
20
Q
What is the purpose of the TWINNING initiative?
A
Public sector exchange to support candidate countries and neighbourhood countries
launched 1998; 2004 open to neighbourhood
Launched in 1998 and opened to neighbourhood countries in 2004.
21
Q
What does SIGMA stand for and what is its focus?
A
Support for Improvement in Governance and Management; it focuses on strengthening public management
It addresses areas such as administrative reform and anti-corruption.
22
Q
What is the primary development objective reaffirmed by the European Consensus on Development?
A
Response to the 2030 Agenda
Poverty eradication
This consensus was adopted in 2017 in response to the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
23
Q
What are the five Ps structured in the European Consensus on Development?
A
- People
- Planet
- Prosperity
- Peace
- Partnership
These principles guide the EU’s development policy.
24
Q
What is the Global Gateway (2021) and its funding goal?
A
A European strategy for sustainable investment in infrastructure aiming to mobilise 300 billion euros
digital; climate and energy; transport; health; research and education
150 Team Europe initiatives
“sustainable and trusted connections that work for people and the planet”
Launched in December 2021, it focuses on several policy drivers including digital and climate.
25
What are the six core principles of the Global Gateway?
* Democratic values and high standards
* Good governance and transparency
* Equal partnerships
* Green and clean
* Security focused
* Catalysing the private sector
## Footnote
These principles guide the implementation of the Global Gateway strategy.
26
What is the European Fund for Sustainable Development Plus (EFSD+)?
A financing tool promoting sustainable investments in EU partner countries
Risk sharing up to 40 billion, to mobilise 135 billion
## Footnote
It aims to mobilise up to €135 billion of public and private financing.
27
What are the priority areas under the Global Gateway?
* Climate, environment, and energy
* Digital and infrastructure
* Gender equality
* Human development
* Peace and governance
* Sustainable growth and jobs
* Youth
## Footnote
Specific programmes exist under each priority area.
28
Schengen Agreement
abolishes checks at internal borders of participating countries
Schengen Agreement 1985 (BE, LU, DE, FR, NL)
Schengen Convention 1990
Implementation 1995
## Footnote
Signed in 1985, it currently covers 29 countries.
29
What are the pre-conditions to join the Schengen Area?
* Apply common Schengen rules
* Control external borders
* Issue uniform Schengen visas
* Cooperate with law enforcement
* Use Schengen Information System (SIS)
## Footnote
These requirements ensure proper border management and security.
30
What is the Schengen Border Code?
EU's rulebook for managing internal and external borders and rules governing border control of persons crossing external borders
revised 2024
## Footnote
New rules were adopted in June 2024 to strengthen external borders and enhance cross-border police cooperation.
31
What does the Schengen Information System (SIS) do?
Allows entry or consultation of alerts about wanted or missing people and objects
86.5 million alerts
consulted 35 million times a day
Sirene Bureaux
## Footnote
The upgraded version in 2023 includes new data categories.
32
What is the Pact on Migration and Asylum?
2020 - adopted fully 2024
A set of new rules managing migration and establishing a common asylum system at EU level
balance between solidarity and responsibility; constant solidarity; clear responsibilities; better procedures
## Footnote
Proposed in September 2020, it balances solidarity and responsibility.
33
What are the main components of the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR)?
* Efficient asylum and return procedures
* Solidarity and fair share of responsibility
* Strengthened partnerships with third countries
## Footnote
AMMR replaces the Dublin III Regulation.
34
What are the three main components of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS)?
Est. 1999 with the Tampere Programme.
Policy Plan on Asylum (2008) - Package of 7 legislations (2016) - New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2020)
Three main objectives:
* efficient asylum and return procedures
* solidarity and fair share of responsibility
* strengthened partnerships with third countries
35
What does the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR) replace?
The Dublin III Regulation (meant to establish the MS responsible for an applicant)
36
How does the AMMR improve the system for determining the responsible Member State for asylum applications?
* Makes it more efficient and stable
* Prevents secondary movements
* Shorter deadlines for procedures
* Reinforces family criteria
* Ensures free counselling to applicants
Established mandatory, but flexible solidarity instrument
37
What is the purpose of the Solidarity Pool under the AMMR?
To include specific pledges from each Member State for types of solidarity contributions
38
What is meant by 'responsibility offsets' in the context of the AMMR?
A form of solidarity where Member States can take over responsibility for examining applications of applicants already present on their territory
39
What standards does the Reception Conditions Directive set for asylum seekers?
* Housing
* Food and clothing
* Access to health care
* Access to education or employment under certain conditions
needs assessment in 30 days; access to the labour market in 6 months
40
What does the Qualification Regulation clarify?
The grounds for granting international protection and making asylum decisions more robust
Incorporates the Geneva Convention in EU law; MS apply common criteria
41
What is the role of the Crisis and Force Majeure Regulation?
* Provides derogations and solidarity measures for Member States in crisis ("solidarity offset")
* Establishes extended timelines for procedures
42
What does the EURODAC Regulation support?
Determination of the Member State responsible under the Dublin Regulation and allows limited access for law enforcement to the EU database of asylum seekers' fingerprints
43
What is the main task of the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA)?
To improve the functioning and implementation of the Common European Asylum System
operational and technical assistance to MS in the assessment of applications
44
What does the new Screening Regulation ensure?
uniform rules for checks and registration
* Proper registration of irregular migrants and asylum seekers
* Health, identity, and security checks within limited timeframes
7 days external border; 3 days internal border
45
The Union Resettlement and Humanitarian Admission Framework Regulation
Enhances safe and legal pathways:
* 2-year plan to determine total numbers
*strengthened partnership with non EU-countries
46
What are the objectives of the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) for 2021-2027?
9.88 billion
* Strengthen and develop the common European asylum system
* Support legal migration and integration of third-country nationals
* Counter irregular migration and ensure effective return
* Enhance solidarity and responsibility sharing between Member States
47
What are the three priority areas of the EU Security Union Strategy?
2020, covers 2020 - 2025
* Fighting organised crime and human trafficking
* Countering terrorism and radicalisation
* Fighting cybercrime
48
What is the estimated cost of corruption to the European Union annually?
Between EUR 179 billion and EUR 990 billion
49
What does the Anti-corruption package proposed on May 3, 2023, aim to achieve?
* Update and harmonise EU rules on definitions and penalties for corruption offences
* Ensure transparency and accountability in public administration
Directive on combating corruption - preventive tools; degree of transparency; awareness.
50
What is the purpose of the EMPACT initiative?
European multi-disciplinary platform against criminal threats
To tackle the main crime threats facing the EU through a multidisciplinary, intelligence-led approach
51
What is the role of the EU Agency for law enforcement (Europol)?
To support national law enforcement authorities in preventing and combating serious crime affecting two or more Member States
origins in TREVI (1976) to fight terrorism
52
Istanbul Convention?
EU acceded 2023 (signed 2017)
in force since 2014
22 MS have ratified (except BG, HU, CZ, Slovakia, Lithuania)
53
What are the six strategies under the Union of Equality?
* LGBTIQ Equality Strategy 2020-2025 (first)
* Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025
* EU Anti-racism Action Plan 2020-2025 (first)
* Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2021-2030
* EU Roma strategic framework for equality, inclusion, and participation 2020-2030
* EU Strategy on Combating Antisemitism and Fostering Jewish Life 2021-2030 (first)
54
What is the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women?
25 November
## Footnote
This day aims to raise awareness and promote actions to eliminate violence against women.
55
What are the three key pillars of the European Democracy Action Plan?
* Fair elections
* Media freedom and pluralism
* Fighting disinformation and foreign information manipulation
56
What does the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) aim to ensure?
7 May 2024
common framework for media services; media can operate more easily across borders in the EU internal market
European Board for Media Services; protection of editorial independence; independent and funded private media; safeguards against spyware..
## Footnote
It considers the digital transformation of the media space.
57
SLAPPs
Strategic lawsuits against public participation
2024
civil and commercial matters with cross-border implication
enable courts to dismiss; financial remedies
58
What is included in the Defence of Democracy package?
* Communication reviewing the European Democracy Action Plan
* Transparency of foreign interest representation
* Strengthening electoral processes
* Fostering inclusive participation of citizens
59
Fill in the blank: The Code of Practice on Disinformation was revised in _______.
2022
self-regulatory standards to fight disinformation from 2018
44 commitments
128 specific measures
60
What is the purpose of the New Consumer Agenda?
Strengthening consumer resilience for sustainable recovery
## Footnote
It focuses on the green transition, digital transformation, enforcement of consumer rights, specific needs of consumer groups, and international cooperation.
61
What are the steps of the infringement procedure?
* Letter of formal notice
* Reasoned opinion
* Referral to the Court of Justice
* Court judgment
62
What does the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM) address?
Outstanding shortcomings in Bulgaria and Romania's policies and institutions.
63
What are Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)?
Agreements that support the development of trade partners from African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries.
64
What is the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP)?
A scheme that removes import duties from products coming into the EU from vulnerable developing countries.
65
What are the five key priorities of the New Consumer Agenda?
* Green transition
* Digital transformation
* Effective enforcement of consumer rights
* Specific needs of certain consumer groups
* International cooperation
66
What is the aim of the European Commission Rule of Law Framework?
Adopted March 2014
Aim: to address systemic threats to the rule of law in Member States.
67
What is the Venice Commission?
An advisory body of the Council of Europe composed of independent experts in constitutional law.
est. 1990
68
What does the term 'mixed agreement' refer to in international trade agreements?
An agreement requiring approval by the EU and all its Member States before it can fully enter into force.
69
What is the significance of the Eurobarometer results regarding EU citizens' satisfaction with democracy?
47% of EU citizens are satisfied with democracy, while 81% believe foreign interference is a serious problem.
70
What is the role of the European Digital Media Observatory (EDMO)?
To provide data and analysis on the media landscape in the EU; hub for fact checkers
part of the 2018 action plan to fight disinformation; funded by CEF, launched 2019
71
What measures does the Regulation on Transparency and Targeting of Political Advertising include?
2024
Scope: election, referendum, legislative process at EU or MS level
* Transparency label for political advertisements
* Strict conditions for targeting
* Ban on advertising services to third country sponsors before elections
72
What is the purpose of the Consumer Market Monitoring Survey?
To identify whether markets are functioning properly for consumers.
3 pillars:
1) trust and confidence in traders
2) choosing products and services
3) in-market experience
73
What is the EBA (Everything But Arms) initiative?
A special arrangement for least developed countries (LDCs) providing duty-free, quota-free access to the EU market for all products except arms and ammunition
## Footnote
Includes 48 countries
74
What are the three objectives of the Trade Policy Review - An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy?
* Supporting the recovery and transformation of the EU economy
* Shaping global rules for sustainable and fair globalization
* Increasing the EU's capacity to pursue its interests and enforce its rights
75
Define Open Strategic Autonomy (OSA).
The EU's desire to shape the global stage while preserving its interests and values, utilizing opportunities from openness and global engagement
76
How many preferential trade agreements does the EU have?
46 preferential trade agreements with 78 partners
77
What are the three pillars of the EU-Mercosur partnership agreement?
* Political
* Trade
* Cooperation
78
What savings in tariffs does the EU-Mercosur agreement provide?
3 billion savings in tariffs
350 producs
Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
79
When did the EU-New Zealand Trade Agreement enter into force?
1 May 2024
first of the new approach
80
What is the main focus of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)?
Abolished 98% of customs, saving 590 million euros a year for EU businesses
81
What is the significance of the EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement?
Facilitates digitally-enabled trade in goods and services, ensuring cross-border data flows free of unjustified barriers
82
What is the purpose of the EU-US Trade and Technology Council?
Launched 2021
To coordinate approaches to key global trade, economic, and technology issues and deepen transatlantic trade relations
6 ministerial meetings; 10 working groups
Cooperation areas:
1) Export controls
2) FDI
3) Secure supply chain
4) Technology standards, including AI
5) Global trade challenges
83
What is the role of the EU-US Energy Council?
To address mid and long-term energy cooperation issues
84
How many strategic partnerships on raw materials has the EU established?
14 or 13 strategic partnerships
85
What does the Anti-Coercion Instrument aim to do?
Deter third countries from targeting EU/MS with economic coercion
86
What is the Foreign Investment Screening Mechanism?
A framework to identify risks related to the acquisition or control of strategic assets threatening security or public order
1) all MS have screening; 2) minimum sectoral scope;
3) screening of EU investors controlled by non-EU actors
1 500 notifications
No screening: HR, CY, EL
87
What does the Foreign Subsidies Regulation address?
Distortions caused by foreign subsidies that undermine fair competition in the EU internal market
88
What is the purpose of the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive?
To foster sustainable and responsible corporate behavior by introducing sustainability considerations
89
What does the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism do?
Puts a price on carbon emitted during imports to encourage cleaner production in non-EU countries
90
What commodities are covered by the Regulation on deforestation-free products?
* Cattle
* Wood
* Cocoa
* Soy
* Palm oil
* Coffee
* Rubber
Applicable: 30 December 2025 for large and medium; 30 June 2026 for micro and small.
91
What is the role of the Chief Trade Enforcement Officer?
Denis Redonnet oversees the enforcement of trade regulations
92
True or False: The EU has a mechanism in place for screening foreign direct investments since 2000.
True
93
Application process
Applicant addresses the Council;
Notifies EP and national Parliaments;
European Council decides unanimously, on a recommendation of EC to grant candidate status;
European Council decides unanimously to open negotiations.
European Council decides unanimously after consulting the Commission and consent from the Parliament.
94
Enlargement rounds
7 rounds
1973: UK, DK, IE
1981: EL
1986: PT, ES
1995: AT, FI, SE
2004: 10
2007: BG, RO
2013: HR
95
How many countries applied additionally
Norway - 62, 67, 92
Morocco - 87
Iceland - 09
Switzerland - 92
96
20 year enlargement
1 May 2004
79% believe MS benefitted their country
2.7 million people participated in Erasmus
26 million jobs created
97
30 years enlargement
AT, FI, SE
550 000 Erasmus+
287 billion exports
34 000 EU-funded projects
98
Candidate countries
Turkey 1999 / 2005
North Mac 2005 / 2022
Montenegro 2010 / 2012
Serbia 2012 / 2014
Albania 2014 / 2022
Moldova 2022 / 2024
Ukraine 2022 / 2024
BiH 2022 / 224
Georgia 2023
99
Western Balkans - approach
Stabilisation and Association Agreements
1. Economic and Investment Plan
2. Growth Plan for the Western Balkans, including Reform and Growth Facility (6 billion)
100
Western Balkan countries
6 countries:
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo
101
Growth Plan for the Western Balkans
2023
four pillars:
1) integrate into single market;
2) regional economic cooperation;
3) EU-related reforms;
4) increase pre-accession funding
102
Support for Ukraine in numbers
108 (2025 data: 135) billion humanitarian, financial and military assistance
Ukraine Facility (2023) - 50 billion, 1) Ukraine plan + 2) Ukraine Investment Framework
103
Brexit timeline
June 2016: referendum
March 2017: notification
June 2017: negotiations
1 February 2020: withdrawal agreement:
1 Feb 2020 - 1 Jan 2021: transition period
30 Dec 2020: Cooperation agreement, into force officially May 2021
104
Elements of EU-UK withdrawal agreement
Citizens' rights
Financial settlement
Governance
Protocol on IE and N IE
Arrangement on Gibraltar
105
Windsor Framework
March 2023
Revision of Irish protocol: governance, agri-food, VAT, state aid, medicines
Stormont Brake: 30 members of NI assembly
106
Stats on UK
5.7 million EU citizens in the UK
1.1 million UK citizens in the EU
Horizon Europe + Copernicus
107
Southern Partnership
1) Barcelona Declaration (1995) - Union for the Mediterranean (2008)
2) Individual partnerships
Renewed partnership with Southern Neighbourhood - a new agenda for the M (2021):
- human development; good governance; rule of law;
- resilience; digital transition;
- peace and security;
- migration
- green transition
108
PCD
Policy coherence for development
1992 / Maastricht
take account of development objectives in policies
109
OACPS
Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (79)
Samoa agreement (2021, adopted 2023) - Cotonou Agreement (2000) - Lome convention (1975)
110
SDG
2015 - UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable development
17 goals; 169 targets
111
17 SDGs
no poverty
zero hunger
good health and well-being
quality education
gender equality
clean water and sanitation
affordable and clean energy
decent work and
economic growth
industry, innovation and infrastrcture
reduced inqualities
sustainable cities and communities
responsible consumption and production
climate action
life below water
life on land
peace, justice and strong institutions
partnership for the goals
112
Schengen data
29 countries (except IE and CY) - 490 million people
3.5 million people cross borders a day
113
Information systems
Schengen Information System
Prum II - law enforcement authorities access national databases
SIENA - Secure Information Exchange Network Application
VIS - Visa Information System - 2011 - third country nationals who need a short stay visa
EES - Entry / Exit System
ETIAS - European Travel Information Authorisation System
Eurodac - system to manage asylum applications
ECRIS - European Criminal Records Information System - 2012
114
Geneva Convention 1951
Asylum is a fundamental right
115
Asylum Procedure Directive (including Return Border Procedure Regulation)
fair, quick and quality decisions
*simpler and clearer procedure
*procedural guarantees for applicants
*mandatory asylum border procedure (if misleading; thread; country with less than 20% success)
116
Return Coordinator
Mari Juritsch
117
Action plans for main migratory routes
Central Mediterranean (2022) - 20 actions
Western Balkans (2022) - 20 actions
Western Mediterranean and Atlantic (2023) - 18 actions
118
ATLAS network
2001
special police units of the MS working to fight terrorism
119
Corruption stats
70% think it is widespread
61% think it is unacceptable
27% personally affected
35% businesses consider corruption a problem
59% businesses agree bribary is the easiest way
120
LGBTIQ Strategy elements
2020 - 2025
tackle disinformation
ensure safety
build inclusive societies
lead global call
First ever
121
Anti-Racism Action Plan
2020 - 2025
first ever
1) fund programmes to fight racism in labour market, education, training, etc
2) address stereotypes
3) encourage MS to avoid / compensate disadvantages linked to discrimination
122
Eurobarometer on democracy
47% very satisfied / satisfied with how democracy works
68% express political opinion without fear
81% think foreign interference is a problem
123
EFRIS
EU Fundamental Rights Information System
124
Art 7 cases
2017 - PL launched by COM
2018 - HU launched by EP
125
EC annual report on rule of law areas
justice system
anti-corruption framework
media pluralism
institutional checks and balances
First: 2020; Fifth: 2024
126
Conditionality Regulation linked to funds
Since 2020
triggered against PL (2022) and HU (2022)
127
Infringement cases
Open as of 2023:
1482 - 1991 - 1930
New as of 2023:
529 - 551 - 847
Referred:
82 - 35 - 33
128
Consumer Condition Scoreboard
Biennial
1) Knowledge and trust;
2) Compliance and enforcement;
3) Complaints and dispute resolution
129
Types of international agreements
EPA - African / Caribbean / Pacific; first with Cariforum
FTA
AA
PCA
130
Three types of GSP
Generalised Scheme of Preference
1) Standard - partial to full removal on two thirds of tariff lines - 15
2) GSP+ - full when international conventions implemented - 8
3)EBA - least developed countries - 48
131
Critical Raw Materials dependencies
The first is from 2011: 14
Fourth in 2020: 30
Fifth in 2023: 34
132
Regulation: exercise of the Union's rights for the application and enforecement of international trade rules
1) act bilaterally
2) broader scope + services and IP
3) Chief trade enforcement officer; Access2Market platform (single entry point for complaints)
133
EU Trade Defence Report
First: 2021
2023 results:
- 182 trade defense measures
- 156 anti-dumping measures
- 25 anti-subsidy measures
- one safeguard measure
500 000 jobs protected
134
Blue Card Directive
work and residency permit that allows non-EU citizens to work and live in an EU country, provided they have a degree or equivalent qualification, and a job offer that meets a minimum salary threshold.
Job offer: six month + 100% threshold. DK and IE do not take part.
135
Single Permit Directive
for up to 2 years; processing time: 90 days; can stay unemployed for three months if below 2 years; six if above.
changes with the recast: can move between employers; application can be made from the third country
136
2023 Consumer Scoreboard results
*48% expressed concern about their ability to pay their bills
*71% took measures to reduce their energy consumption at home
*94% worried about online targeted advertising.
biennial exercise
137
Ongoing Agreements
7
Australia, India, Indonasia, Philipines, Tajikstan, Thailand.
Exam
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