Everchanging Computers (H3)

Question 1

A programmable computing device that can process, store, and retrieve data

Answer 1

Computer

Question 2

is processed according to the software’s instructions or commands.

Answer 2

computer data

Question 3

_ play an integral part in modern society by transforming the modern world into a global village.

Answer 3

Computers

Question 4

The term: “____” originates as a word referring to someone who manually carried out calculations instead of an actual machine.

Answer 4

Computer

Question 5

Large machines consisting of thousands of vacuum tubes were part of the early digital computers built in this period.

These typically filled an entire room, but the computational power was only a fraction of the functions of personal computers today.

Answer 5

1940s and 1950s

Question 6

two distinct families of computing devices are:

Answer 6

Digital computers &
Analog computers

Question 7

A sequential device that operates data one at a time. The data are represented in the binary format of “0” and “1”; a single transistor is used to symbolize a binary digit.

Answer 7

Digital Computer

Question 8

The representation of data reflects the
properties of the data being modeled in an _. For example, data and numbers may be represented by physical quantities such as electric voltage, whereas digital computers use a stream of binary digits to represent them.

Answer 8

Analog Computer

Question 9

Analog Computers Important People

Answer 9

James Thompson &
Vannevar Bush

Question 10

He did the early foundational work on analog computation in the 19th century. He invented a wheel and a disc integrator used in mechanical analog devices. He then worked with his brother Lord Kelvin to create a device that integrates a product of two functions.

Answer 10

James Thompson

Question 11

James Thompson did the early foundational work on analog computation in the 19th century. He invented _______ used in mechanical analog devices. He then worked with his brother Lord Kelvin to create a device that integrates a product of two functions.

Answer 11

A wheel and a disc integrator

Question 12

James Thompson did the early foundational work on analog computation in the 19th century. He invented a wheel and a disc integrator used in mechanical analog devices. He then worked with his brother _ to create a device that integrates a product of two functions.

Answer 12

Lord Kelvin

Question 13

He detailed a general-purpose analog machine for integrating linear differential equations of any sequence. He also built a tide-predicting analog computer used at the Port of Liverpool until the 1960s. Tide-predicting machines are used to forecast tide patterns and their unsteady height variations.

Answer 13

Lord Kelvin

Question 14

What did Lord Kelvin build

Answer 14

Tide-Predicting analog Computer

Question 15

He developed the first large-scale, general-purpose analog computer called the “Differential Analyzer.”

Answer 15

Vannevar Bush

Question 16

This machine took up a large table
and weighed 100 tons, allowing integration and differential equation problems to be quickly resolved.

Answer 16

“Differential Analyzer”
(Vannevar Bush)

Question 17

Contained wheels, discs, shafts, and gears to execute calculations and required a considerable set-up time by technicians to solve equations. It contained up to 150 motors and lengthy wires connecting relays and vacuum tubes.

Answer 17

“Differential Analyzer”
(Vannevar Bush)

Question 18

Although the data representation in an analog computer is compact, it is constantly subjected to

Answer 18

Noise Corruption

Question 19

A Single _ can symbolize one continuous variable in an analog computer, whereas various _ are needed in a digital computer.

Answer 19

Single Capacitor: Analog
Various Transistors: Digital

Question 20

Analog computers were phased out shortly after

Answer 20

WW2

Question 21

These devices depended on the flow of electric current through a vacuum

Answer 21

Vacuum Tubes

Question 22

were widely used in electronic devices such as televisions, radios, and computers until the invention of transistors.

Answer 22

Vacuum Tubes

Question 23

The first generation of computers used thousands of _, with several racks taking up an entire room.

Answer 23

Thousands of Bulky Vacuum Tubes

Question 24

Digital Computer Generations:

Answer 24

1st Gen: Vacuum Tubes
2nd Gen: Transistors
3rd Gen: Integrated Circuits
4th Gen: Microprocessors

Question 25

a **three-terminal** device consisting of a **cathode, grid**, and **plate**.

Answer 25

Vacuum Tubes

Question 26

The **first generation** of **digital computers** used

Answer 26

Mothafuckin **Vacuum Tubes**

Question 27

The **first generation** of **digital computers** used **vacuum tubes**. Examples include the:

Answer 27

1. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942 2. Colossus in 1944 3. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in the mid-1940s, 4. Universal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I) in 1951 5. Whirlwind in 1951 and the 6. IBM 701 in 1953.

Question 28

the fundamental building block in modern electronic systems for revolutionizing the field of electronics.

Answer 28

Transistors

Question 29

Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors were:

Answer 29

1. **much smaller** 2. **cheaper** 3. **more reliable** based on **functionality**.

Question 30

a three-terminal, **solid-state** electronic device that can **control electric current** or voltage **between two terminals**.

Answer 30

Transistors

Question 31

A ______ transistor allows an electric switch to be created, which can be controlled by another electrical switch.

Answer 31

**three-terminal transistor**

Question 32

The second generation of computers used

Answer 32

**Transistors** — instead of Vacuum Tubes

Question 33

Who **invented** the **integrated circuit** in 1958.

Answer 33

Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments

Question 34

consists of a set of electronic circuits on a small chip of **semiconductor** material smaller than a **circuit** made of independent components.

Answer 34

Integrated Circuits

Question 35

Jack Kilby of Texas idea to properly engineer a piece of ____ to act as several components simultaneously **led to the birth of the first integrated circuit**.

Answer 35

germanium

Question 36

The use of _ led to third-generation computers, with significant advances in speed and efficiency.

Answer 36

semiconductors

Question 37

Users interacted with _ computers using keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.

Answer 37

third-generation

Question 38

the world’s first microprocessor.

Answer 38

Intel p4004 1969 Microprocessor

Question 39

was the first semiconductor device that provided the functions of a computer at a chip level. It provided the basic building blocks for today’s microcomputers, including the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) and the control unit.

Answer 39

Intel p4004 1969 Microprocessor

Question 40

The rise of _ led to the fourth generation of computers with thousands of **integrated circuits** placed onto a single **silicon chip**.

Answer 40

microprocessors

Question 41

_ could fit in the palm, whereas first-generation computers filled an entire room.

Answer 41

Microprocessors

Question 42

All computers consist of two basic parts:

Answer 42

hardware and software.

Question 43

_ is the **physical part** of the machine, while the _ is a **set of instructions** that commands the computer what to do.

Answer 43

hardware and software

Question 44

consists of various components with specific functions and features to support the entire system. These components are divided into three key components: Input Unit, Output Unit, and Central Processing Unit (CPU) – which is further divided into the memory unit, control unit, and arithmetic-logic unit (ALU).

Answer 44

Computer System

Question 45

Computer System Key Components:

Answer 45

1. Input Unit 2. Output Unit 3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) a. memory unit b. control unit c. arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

Question 46

A computer system responds to the instructions it receives from the users and uses an _ to acquire those instructions. _ **take user commands** in the form of data and convert them into a digital language format sent to the processing unit for the next step. Examples of these include a keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, and trackball.

Answer 46

Input Unit

Question 47

_ understands the command and how it can be achieved. It converts the data accepted in human language into machine language for computers to interpret.

Answer 47

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Question 48

The CPU has three (3) main components:

Answer 48

1. Memory Unit 2. Control Unit 3. Arithmetic-Logical Unit (ALU)

Question 49

When data reaches the processor from input devices, the _ saves it immediately. It has pre-existing programs that **transmit the data to the other parts of the CPU**. It is **where all the information becomes available**, and bits and bytes (8 bits) are used to measure data size. This unit is also responsible for **storing data** from **input devices** and storing the result data from output devices.

Answer 49

Memory Unit (Stores Data)

Question 50

This **manages** the computer device functions and is the **central component of the CPU**. Once the data is in the memory, it processes it for execution. It is **where the data conversion from human language to machine language**. This unit *"maintains a data flow inside the system** and **transfers** the commands to the ALU.

Answer 50

Control Unit (Manages the data and sends to the ALU)

Question 51

This processor is responsible for **mathematical calculations** and issues the computer system deals with while functioning. It is also used for **data comparison and decision-making**. It has features to accomplish different **mathematical solutions** like addition, subtraction, and multiplication, but it **only performs the calculation when necessary** and then sends it to the **output unit**.

Answer 51

Arithmetic-Logical Unit (Sends to the Output Unit)

Question 52

When the input and central processing unit processes are accomplished, the data is fed to the _, **where the result is shown**. These devices always connect to the system, thus making coordination easier. A computer monitor is one of the primary _ that **displays the results** to the user. Other examples include printers, projectors, speakers, headphones, and plotters.

Answer 52

Output Unit

Question 53

a **collection of software programs and commands** that **control computer hardware** to make it usable. It allows the computing power of the hardware available to the computer users and manages the hardware to attain good system performance. An _ handles hardware such as the processors, input/output devices, communication devices, and data, and it **provides functionality**, including hardware sharing, error recovery, and network communication management.

Answer 53

Operating System (OS)

Question 54

Advantages of Operating System

Answer 54

1. Abstraction 2. Executable Programs 3. User-friendly

Question 55

allow users to hide details of hardware by creating an _.

Answer 55

Abstraction (Advantages of Operating System)

Question 56

offer an environment where users may execute programs or applications.

Answer 56

Executable Programs (Advantages of Operating System)

Question 57

provides the computer system with easy-to-use format resources

Answer 57

User-friendly (Advantages of Operating System)

Question 58

Disadvantages of Operating System

Answer 58

1. Volatility 2. Expensive 3. Unpredictable

Question 59

Users may lose all the contents stored in the computer system whenever an issue occurs.

Answer 59

Volatility (Disadvantages Of Operating System)

Question 60

OS software is costly for small organizations, which can cause an additional financial burden.

Answer 60

Expensive (Disadvantages Of Operating System)

Question 61

It is never secure, as threats can happen anytime.

Answer 61

Unpredictability (Disadvantages of Operating System)

Question 62

Examples of Operating Systems

Answer 62

Microsoft Windows Mac OS

Question 63

introduced in 1985 as a graphical operating system shell to compete with Apple’s GUI OS in 1984. Currently, _ wins the personal computer and laptop market with **over 90% market share**. However, _ has not been as successful in dominating the smartphone and tablet market.

Answer 63

Microsoft Windows

Question 64

It is the desktop operating system created by Apple Inc., designed to work for Macintosh computers. _ provides several different features, such as a graphical user interface, multitasking, and memory security.

Answer 64

Mac OS

Question 65

Mobile Operating Systems

Answer 65

Android IOS

Question 66

It is a mobile operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance designed for touchscreen smartphones and tablets. The first _ smartphone was released in late **2008**, and _ remains the **most widely used mobile operating system**.

Answer 66

Android

Question 67

It is a mobile operating system for Apple’s smartphones and tablets. It was developed from the MAC OS/X operating system in 2007. Multitasking for _ was introduced in 2010 with the release of _ version 4.0.

Answer 67

IOS

Question 68

The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, most evidently by the experiments by the _______ The result of their experiment on the transistor computer was one of the earliest transistor computers whose prototype machine appeared in ____, with the full-size version commissioned in _____.

Answer 68

University of Manchester. 1953. 1955.