Introduction To Computing (H1)

Question 1

Any activity that utilizes computers to manage, process, and communicate information.

Answer 1

Computing

Question 2

Early Civilizations

Answer 2

Islam, Babylonians, Egyptians, Romans, Greeks (I.B.E.R.G)

Question 3

Thrived in Mesopotamia (Iraq) 2000BC to 500BC.
• Clay Cuneiform Tables
• Counting Boards

Answer 3

Babylonians

Question 4

Contain tables for various mathematical operations such as basic arithmetic operations,cubes, and square roots.

Answer 4

Clay Cuneiform Tables

Question 5

assist with counting and simple calculations. Similar with Abacus.

Answer 5

Counting Boards

Question 6

Measuring time, messuring floods, calculating land area/taxes.
• Base 10 number system
• Rhind Papyrus

Answer 6

Egyptians

Question 7

Base 10 number system

Answer 7

symbols for one(line), ten(loop), hundred(rope), thousand(flower), tenthousand(finger), hundredthousand(tadpole).

Question 8

writing surface like paper. Includes all types of arithmetic and geometric problems. Helps students in Pharaoh building program.

Answer 8

Rhind Papyrus

Question 9

Works by Pythagoras and Thales centered on Geometry were 2 of the most remarkable contributions to early greek mathematics.

Answer 9

Greeks

Question 10

Philosopher and Mathematician. Spent time in Egypt to become familiarized with Egyptian Mathematics.
- has a secret society known as Pythagoreans
- Pythagorean theorem credited. Babylonians aware 1000 years before

Answer 10

Pythagoras

Question 11

Secret society of comprised men and women who believed in transmigration of souls, and number is an essense of all things.

Answer 11

Pythagoreans

Question 12

Theorem on Eucledian Geometry. It states that if A, B, and C are points on a
circle, where the line AC is the circle’s diameter, then the angle <ABC is a right angle.

Answer 12

Thales

Question 13

Influenced by Greek culture and Mathematics. Most considerable contributions in computing—The Roman Number System.
• Roman Numerals - uses letters to symbolize numbers. Abacus was often used for calculation cuz too hard

Answer 13

Romans

Question 14

Islamic Influence

Answer 14

originated in islamic world
Mathematicians and scholars—North Africa,MidEast,Spain.
• Islamic Contribution to algebra—continuation of the achievements of Greek civilization.
• A comprehensive Theory was developed—used rational and irrational nums as algebraic objects.
• Islamic scholars applied algebra to arithmetic and geometry

Question 15

Notable Figures in Computing

Answer 15

• Willhelm Gottfried Leibniz (Step Reckoner)
• Charles Babbage (Difference Engine)
- Ada Lovelace (first computer programmer)
- George and Edward Scheutz (built first working Difference engine 1853)
• George Boole (Symbolic Logic)
• Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (COBOL)
• Katherine Johnson (Human Computer)
• Gladys Mae West (GPS)

Question 16

• German Philosopher, Mathematician, 1 of the pioneers of Mechanical calculation.
• Developed Binary number system.
• Became Familiar with Blaise Pascal’s
  Calculating Machine—only + & - (1670s led him)
• Made the Step Reckoner cuz he was aware of the weakness of the Pascaline

Answer 16

Willhelm Gottfried Leibniz (Step Reckoner)

Question 17

• along with George Boole, is considered one of the Grandfathers of the computing field.
• designed a device in that aimed to be more Advanced than Pascaline and Step Reckoner, called “Difference Engine”

Answer 17

Charles Babbage (Difference Engine)

Question 18

used to produce mathematical tables to compute Polynonial, Logarithmic and Trigonometric functions—sine,cosine (1821)

Answer 18

Difference Engine

Question 19

Performs: Basic Arithmetic and extraction of roots. First Calculator to run the basic arithmetic operations.
(1672 - 1964)

Answer 19

Step Reckoner

Question 20

An analyst working for Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine, and considered the “The First Computer Programmer” by many.

Answer 20

Ada Lovelace

Question 21

Built the first working Difference Engine in 1853

Answer 21

Swedish engineers George and Edward Schuetz

Question 22

Who developed Boolean Algebra, the foundation for modern computing?

Answer 22

George Boole.

Question 23

What is the title of Boole’s 1847 work that enhanced the idea of a logical method?

Answer 23

The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.

Question 24

What did Boole argue about the study of logic?

Answer 24

He argued that logic should be a separate branch of mathematics, not just philosophy.

Question 25

In Boolean Algebra, what do '1' and '0' symbolize?

Answer 25

1 = the universe of thinkable objects, 0 = absence.

Question 26

What mathematical symbols did Boole use in his logic system?

Answer 26

Letters like x, y, z and operations like +, −, ×.

Question 27

Who was a computer pioneer, Naval officer, and Yale mathematics graduate?

Answer 27

Grace Brewster Murray Hopper.

Question 28

What programming language did Grace Brewster Murray Hopper help develop in 1959?

Answer 28

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language).

Question 29

What is COBOL known for?

Answer 29

Being the most extensively used computer language in the world.

Question 30

Who were referred to as 'computers' at NASA in the mid-20th century?

Answer 30

Mainly women hired to compute complex calculations, including Katherine Johnson.

Question 31

What crucial role did Katherine Johnson play in 1962 for NASA?

Answer 31

Her calculations allowed NASA to send astronauts to the moon and back.

Question 32

Who was the second Black woman hired at the Naval Proving Ground in Virginia in 1956?

Answer 32

Gladys Mae West.

Question 33

What was Gladys Mae West’s most outstanding contribution to technology?

Answer 33

Creating a detailed geodetic model of Earth that became the basis for GPS in the 1960s.