Evolution 1

Question 1

`evolution

Answer 1

the idea that all species are descendants of ancient species that were different from modern day species

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

the environment selects the traits best suited to survive and reproduce (a mechanism of evolution)

Question 3

analogous structure

Answer 3

when distantly related species share different structures that have the same function. Organisms developed these features separately, their common ancestor did not have that feature. Ex. bee wing and bat wing

Question 4

sickle cell anemia

Answer 4

when red blood cells can’t carry oxygen.
caused by a recessive allele.
most prevalent in Africa
SS- normal Ss- carriers (can survive) ss- die

Question 5

macroevolution

Answer 5

Dramatic changes evident in the fossil record

Question 6

convergent evolution

Answer 6

Distantly related species live in similar environments (different geographical regions) and adapt similarly
Similar traits arise because different species have independently adapted to similar environmental conditions

Question 7

prokaryotes

Answer 7

Simple, single-celled organisms with no true nucleus - found in stromatolites (3.5 bya)

Question 8

eukaryotes

Answer 8

Complex cells with internal organelles

Question 9

phylogeny

Answer 9

the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms. It shows how species are related through common ancestry.

Question 10

adaptation

Answer 10

inherited characteristics that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce

Question 11

niche

Answer 11

the role or position a species has in its environment, including how it obtains resources, interacts with other organisms, and survives.

Question 12

vestigial structure

Answer 12

remnants of structures that had a function in ancestral species but no longer do

Question 13

gene pool

Answer 13

all alleles present in all the individuals of a population

Question 14

reproductive barriers

Answer 14

physical or behavioural barriers that prevent 2 individuals of different species from mating successfully

Question 15

gradualism

Answer 15

evolution of a species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over a long period of time

Question 16

primary abiogenesis

Answer 16

Theory proposed by Oparin and Haldane
First living things on Earth arose from non-living material
Life began spontaneously from organic molecules

Question 17

clades

Answer 17

groups of organisms that include a single common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 18

eras

Answer 18

Large blocks of time distinguished by major changes in fossil records

Question 19

descent with modification

Answer 19

Darwin’s term for evolution; the idea that all descend from a common ancestor and adapt to environmental changes over time

Question 20

survival of the fittest (fitness)

Answer 20

an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce/passing traits down to next generation

Question 21

artificial selection

Answer 21

Humans choose the desired traits
Lose alleles to the population

Can have unintended consequences, usually in the form of genetic diseases

Question 22

microevolution

Answer 22

when the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium isn’t maintained, leading to constant evolution on a small scale

Question 23

adaptive radiation/divergent evolution

Answer 23

• single species evolves into many distinct but closely related species
• happens after becoming isolated or gaining access to new resources.
• they adapt to different environments and specialized niches
• reduces competition
• increase biodiversity.

Question 24

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 24

Changes to a species can occur suddenly, and can be extensive enough to create a new species in a short period of time

Question 25

chemoautotrophs

Answer 25

Make their own food from organic molecules → found in oceans near heat vents

Question 26

periods

Answer 26

Shorter time spans that divide the eras

Question 27

variation

Answer 27

Differences among members of the same species Individuals with traits that are beneficial to the environment will survive and pass on those traits to their offspring Certain variations lead to adaptations

Question 28

what is a homologous structure, what do they show

Answer 28

when organisms share a structure but the structures have different functions. Shows evolution is a process of remodelling Common ancestor Example: human arm, cat paw, whale fin, bat wing → all have the same bones

Question 29

antibiotic resistance

Answer 29

* Bacteria reproduce very fast, so mutations appear quickly. * A random mutation may create an allele that gives resistance to an antibiotic. * Only bacteria with this advantageous allele survive and reproduce. * These survivors pass the resistance allele to offspring. * Over time, the whole population becomes more resistant to that antibiotic.

Question 30

speciation

Answer 30

Formation of new species when a group becomes reproductively isolated and evolves distinct features from the original population.

Question 31

mimicry

Answer 31

One species changes to mimic the other species in order to gain survival advantage

Question 32

aerobic/anaerobic

Answer 32

Aerobic: Processes that require oxygen to occur. Aerobic organisms use oxygen to release energy from food. Anaerobic: Processes that do not require oxygen. Anaerobic organisms or cells can release energy from food without using oxygen.

Question 33

epochs

Answer 33

Shorter time spans that divide periods