1
Q
What is psychology?
A
the scientific study of mind and behavior
2
Q
what are the 3 aspects of psychological science?
A
- Crtical- healthy skepticism
- Summative- multiple sources of evidence
- Scientific- uses the scientific method
3
Q
What is the scientific method?
A
- make an observation
- ask a question
- form a hypothesis
- make a prediction
- test the prediction
- iterate- use resuls to make new hypotheses
- reject or support hypothesis
4
Q
5 themes of psychology
A
- Nature and nurture
- seeking to identify universal aspects of behavior
- conscious and unconscious processes
- gaining insights by understanding normal functioning and dysfunction
- changing lives positively
5
Q
what is evidence?
A
the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid
6
Q
empirical
A
based on astute observation and accurate measurement
7
Q
pseudoscience
A
a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly though to be based on valid science
8
Q
intellectual humility
A
the recognition of your intellectual limitations and the acknorledgement that your belief, ideas, and knowledge could be wrong or incomplete
9
Q
overconfidence effect
A
the tendency to be overly sure of what we know
10
Q
confirmation bias
A
the tendency to seek out, pay attention to, and believe only evidence that supports what we are already believe
11
Q
law
A
an exact accounr of HOW something occurs but not WHY
12
Q
Theory
A
an account of how or why something happend which has been supported by various testable hypotheses
13
Q
hypothesis
A
a POSSIBLE explanation or prediction for an observation
14
Q
variable
A
something of interest that varies from person to person or situation to situation
15
Q
measured variable
A
a variable whose values are simply recorded
16
Q
manipulated variable
A
a variable whose values the researcher controls, usually by assigning different participants to differ levels of that variable
17
Q
operational definition
A
the specific way of measuring or manipulating an abstract variable in. particular study
18
Q
what are the types of research design?
A
- descriptive
- correlational
- experimental
- case study
- cross-sectional
- longitudinal
19
Q
correlational
A
ho wtwo or more measurements relate to eachother
20
Q
experimental
A
- manipulate independent variable
-measure the dependent variable - random selection
-can infer causation
21
Q
case study
A
examines the behavior of one person
22
Q
cross-sectional
A
examines behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time
23
Q
what is a descriptive study
A
information is gathered without changing the environment
24
Q
what is an inferential study
A
help make conclusions and make predictions based on your data
25
what are the two main purposes of inferential studies
-making estimates about populations
-testing hypotheses
26
p-value and its importance
the probability of obtaining observed results if the null hypotheis is actually true
- if your p value is 0.05 that means that your difference is statistically significant
- reject the null hypothesis
27
what is effect size
the strength of the effect between your variables
28
how many parts is the nervous system divided into ?
1. central nervous system
2. peripheral nervous system
29
what does the central nervous system include
brain and spinal cord
30
what are the two types of the peripheral nervous systems
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
31
what is the somatic nervous system responsible for
the voluntary control of body movements; and also carrying sensory info from the body to the CNS
32
what is the autonomic nervous system responsible for
involuntary body functions: heart rate, breathing, digestions.. things that are automatic
33
how many parts is the autonomic system broken into
2-->sympathetic and parasympathetic
34
what is the sympathetic nervous system
automatic system that acts on blood vessels, organs, and glands that prepare the body for action (fight or flight)
35
what is the parasympathetic nervous system
returns the body to a resting state by counteracting the effects of the sympathetic system (rest and digest)
36
what organs are in the endocrine system
hypothalamus, adrenal glands, and pituatary (many others tho they are less connected to the brain)
37
hypothalamus
links the nervous systems to endocrine through the pituatary
38
pituitary
controls all of the other glands in the body
39
adrenal glands
involved in the fight or flight response
40
what is the gut-brain axis
scientists have found that the gut microbiome is able to communicate with the brain
41
what is the gut microbiome
the bacteria in your intestines
42
how many parts is the brain divided into?
1. cerebral cortex -newest and responsible for complex processing
2. limbic system -memory, emotion, motivation
3. Brainstem - survival functions and precision
43
how many lobes are there and list them
frontal lobe, parietal lobe. temporal lobe, insular lobe; occipital lobe
44
whta is the parietal lobe's function
somatosensory; this is where the brain creates a homunculli
45
What is a homunculus
an image/ map of your body that your brain has in both the somatosensory and motor cortex
46
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex
executive functions take place here, meaning that cognitve processes that allow us to plan, focus our attention, and organize multiple tasks to complete our goals
- inhibatory control
-houses self
47
what is the broca's area responsible for
language production
48
what is the wernicke's area responsible for
language comprehension
49
double dissociation
when two strcutures have distinct functions
50
limbic system
associated with emotion; related to complex mental functions
also plays a role in smell, memory, and motivation
51
what are the two hemispheres best known for
right- social perception; big picture
left- language, cognition, details
52
how is the brain studied
fMRI, EEG, CT
53
what is an fMRI
an imaging mechanism that measures changes in blood flow, which is linked to neural activity
- CORRELATIONAL
54
Example of the use of fMRI (Social exclusion)
researchers found that even in a game if a person is explcitly excluded the same neural activity is occuring as though it happened in real life
55
for animals what are the main organs that support movement
basal ganglia (balance), brainstem, spinal cord
56
sensation
receiving vibrations/ stimuli from the external world
57
perception
organization and interpretation of incoming information
58
cognition
higher order processes that allows us to process information, including remembering , perceiving, communicating, judging, and thinking through problems
59
what are the two methods of perception
1. bottom-up
2. Top-down
60
what is bottom-up processing
processes information straight from our visual system
61
what is top-down processing
the use of context, experience and general knowledge to understand and interpret sensory perception
(liking the green skittle when you see it but hate it when you try it eyes closed )
62
factors that may affect perception include (there are 4)
attention
context
expectations
cause and effect
63
a perceptual set
a psychological tendency to perceive sensory information in a aparticular way due to one's expectations, experiences, emotions, motivations, or cultural background
64
what is the other-race effect in babies
it is a perceptual narrowing, where babies that are not exposed to other races, perceieve them as all being the same person
- example faces and music
64
when it comes to perception there are two main pathways (in the brain)
1. the dorsal pathway
2. the ventral pathway
65
what is the dorsal pathway (where)
processes visual information about the location, movement, and spatial relationships of objects
66
what is the ventral pathway (what)
focuses on object recognition
67
what is gesalt psychology
the belief that the mind perceives experiences as wholes, rather than the sum of its parts
68
feeling of insight
- more likely to occur when in a good mood
-more likely to occur if one is given subliminal hints
- associated with activity in the temporal lobe
69
what is cognition
mental processes that allow us to process information including remembering, perceiving, communicating, judging, and thinking through problems
70
bounded reality
our relaity is bounded by our limited resources, in terms of knowledge or experiences
71
what factors affect our cognition
brain
cognitive phenomena
mood
experiences
language
72
what is the dual processing theory
Many psychologists have proposed that people use two types of thinking systems to make judgments
and decisions.
73
what are the two dual processing systems
controlled and automatic
74
the controlled system
This slow-acting system requires conscious attention and effort and allows rational and logical thought.
75
the automatic system
This fast and effortless system allows intuitive reactions and responses.
76
heuristics
mental tools that people use to navigate everyday judgements and decisions
77
representative heuristics
a mental shortcut judging the liklihood of something based on an example you have in your head
78
availability heuristics
a mental shortcut fir deciding how frequent something is based on how easily and example comes to mind
79
affect heuristics
a mental shortcut for making judgments and decisions that involves relying on affect- the afeelings we associate with variousobjects and events in the world
- mood affect our decision
80
conformation bias
the tendency to look for and weight evidence that conforms preexisting beliefs more stringly than evidence that is inconsistent with those beliefs
81
what is the antidote to belief persevernce
to expose oneself to information that directly contradicts what they are told to believe
81
belief perservence
the psychological tendency for people to cling to their initial beliefs even when presented with evidence that contradicts them
82
what is framing (language)
the way in which statistics or affects are told to someone.
ex: With this surgery, you will have a 40% chance of survival
With this surgery, you will have a 60% chance of dying.
83
what is anchoring (language)
a cognitive bias where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the "anchor") when making decisions, even if that information is irrelevant
ex: i have less than 100 dollars vs. I have less than 20
84
cognitive attributions
the explanations we give for why people, including ourselves, behvae the way they do
85
what are the two different types of cognitive attributions
1. internal attributions
2. external attributions
86
what is an internal attribution
the process of explaining someone's behavior or an event's outcome by focusing on factors within the person
87
what is an external attribution
the process of explaining someone's behavior by attributing it to external, situational factors rather than their internal characteristics
88
what is a self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation or belief that influences a person's behavior, causing the initial belief to become true
ITS HOW YOU ACT ACT ACT
89
what is consciousness
the moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves, our thoughts, and the external environment
90
what are the two main attributes of consciousness
it is subjective and private
91
introspection
to have people look within themselves and describe their subjective experience
92
what are the limitations of introspection
-people often lack words for experiences
-different individuals may use the same words to describe different experiences
-people are not always transparent
93
what is the difference between the cognitive unconscious and consciousness
-allows processes that are fast, effortless, and automatic
-vs. allows us to reach goals, regulate our emotions, or avoid temptations
94
what are the two types of focused awareness
selective attention/inattentional blindness
95
focused awareness
we can selectively guide our attention to achieve goals or tasks
96
wondering awareness
a cognitive phenomenon where your attention drifts away from the current task or environment to internal thoughts, memories, or future plans
- helps us with creativity and problem solving
97
cognitive unconscious
non-conscious mental processes and structures
- much of what's going on in our minds happens outside awareness
98
subliminal perception
a form of perception that occurs without conscious awareness
99
what are the two dimensions of awareness
level of arousal and calrity of awareness
100
what area of the brain is concerned with our level of arousal
the thalamus and reticular activating system
101
what is the fusiform face area
the processing of faces is done here, and essentially the visual stimulus of seeing a specific face activates the brain
102
what is the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
activates when the brain is visually stimulated by a place
103
what is the global workplace hypothesis
consciousness is made possible by integrating neural activity from various regions
- this is done through workspace neurons which are an extensive network that act as a broadcasting system
-controlled by attention
104
sleep
a state of unconciousness that is very distinctive with levels and stages
105
what is our circadian rhythm
it is the internal clock that we are born with
- chronotype (night owl vs early bird)
106
what happens during sleep
1. our bodies repair themselves or restore substances used up while they are awake
2. neurons reset or consolidate connections made throughout the day
3. pass time while digesting or looking for food
107
what are the detrimental effetcs of no sleep on a student
a sleep deprived group has 40% less critical thinking skills and retention compared to a well slept group
108
what are the general detriments of lack of sleep
1. decrease in mood and productivity
2. weight-gain
3. compromised auto-immune system
4. decreased performance
109
what is the activation sysnthesis hypothesis for why we dream
dreams are a result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity from the brainstem during REM
110
why do some people rmeber their dreams better than others
it is supposed that they just have bettwe working memory during the day; or they wake up more often during the night after REM
111
Lucid dreaming
the ability to remain conscious of one's capacity to dream and even control it
112
sleep apnea
a disorder where the person has seconds where they are unable to breathe and their brain gets no oxygen so they wake up
113
night terrors
found in young children more often, but it is a terrified feeling in a child that they cannot remeber the origin of
114
insomnia
the inability to fall or stay asleep
115
sleep walking
when a person is within the 4th stage of sleep so they are walking and talking but are unconscious of it
116
REM Behavior disorder
when the brain stem doesn't stop/ paralyze your motor cortex, so you are still able to move around
PSYCH 111
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