Exam 1

Question 1

Beltran, Cardoso, & Frank

Answer 1

Latin American critics of development and modernity; Believed that capitalists replace colonial powers

Question 2

Wilbur Schramm

Answer 2

Believed that underdeveloped countries can take off by means of mass communication development

Question 3

Daniel Lerner

Answer 3

Supported modernity and encouraged capitalism; empathy + media exposure = imaginitiveness

Question 4

Normative Theory

Answer 4

How things should be (ideal models); most international communication theories are normative

Question 5

Explanatory Theory

Answer 5

Explains phenomena (modernization, causes of war, etc.)

Question 6

Applied Theory

Answer 6

Real-world use (persuasion, branding, etc.)

Question 7

Grand Theory

Answer 7

Global or societal scale

Question 8

Middle-range Theory

Answer 8

testable hypotheses, empirical data

Question 9

Micro-range theory

Answer 9

Theories that can be applied as a specific level (interpersonal, relationship, generational, etc.)

Question 10

OECD Country

Answer 10

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Question 11

Authoritarian System

Answer 11

Government control, censorship (examples include communist & development)

Question 12

Western System

Answer 12

Examples include libertarian and social responsibility

Question 13

Libertarian System

Answer 13

Free press, minimal regulation

Question 14

Social Responsibility System

Answer 14

Press freedom but emphasized media’s responsibility to provide objective and balanced news coverage through self-regulation

Question 15

Soviet Communist System

Answer 15

Party-controlled press; serves socialist agenda

Question 16

Siebert et al.,

Answer 16

Four Theories of the Press

Question 17

Parachute Journalists

Answer 17

Journalists who do not have an engrained stake in the country they are reporting in

Question 18

Valence

Answer 18

Tendency of content to be positive, mixed, or negative

Question 19

Wallerstein

Answer 19

World Systems Theory - All of the world’s countries fall into three categories (center vs. semi-peripheral vs. peripheral)

Question 20

Center Countries

Answer 20

Great powers in the 18th century (Great Britain, France, Germany, maybe US)

Question 21

Semi-peripheral Countries

Answer 21

Have association with core countries (Belgium, Switzerland)

Question 22

Peripheral Countries

Answer 22

Newly independent countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Question 23

GPP

Answer 23

General Purchase Power (how much do things in a country cost)

Question 24

The Polarized Pluralist Model

Answer 24

Characterized by a press system with limited circulation that is oriented toward society’s elite (typical across the Mediterranean region)

Question 25

The Democratic Corporatist Model

Answer 25

Characterized by strong professionalization and journalism and emphasis on neutral journalism (common for North/Central European nations

Question 26

Hallin & Mancini (2004)

Answer 26

Expanded classification beyond Siebert et al., and dove deeper into different media systems in Western democracies; responsible for Liberal, Democratic Corporatist, and Polarized Pluralist models)

Question 27

Personalized News (younger generation)

Answer 27

Driven by algorithms; Provides tailored relevance but risk isolation, disconnection from broader topics, and exposure to low-credibility sources

Question 28

Traditional News Consumption (older generation)

Answer 28

Loyalty to a few trusted outlets; Broader world overview but requires more time and effort

Question 29

UNESCO

Answer 29

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

Question 30

Sean MacBride

Answer 30

Chaired UNESCO’s “International Commission for the Study of Communications Problems”

Question 31

Press Freedom

Answer 31

Right to publish without censorship, imprisonment, threats, or violence

Question 32

Systems Theory (Nikolas Luhmann, 2000)

Answer 32

Journalism as a social system interacting with other systems (economy, law, health, education)

Question 33

Institutional Theory

Answer 33

Journalism seen as a social institution with legitimacy and functions in society

Question 34

Hanitzsch

Answer 34

Defined journalistic cultures and their manifestations; Identified dominant role conceptions worldwide (informers, watchdogs, educators, change agents)

Question 35

Journalism as an Occupation (Hall)

Answer 35

Journalism classified as a social role with economic/social results; Journalism never reached “profession” status like law or medicine

Question 36

Cosmopolitan Framework (Ward)

Answer 36

Journalists at global agents serving citizens of the world; Emphasized neutrality, accuracy, balance, and cross-national perspectives

Question 37

Social Responsibility Approach (Christians & Nordenstreng)

Answer 37

Rooted in social responsibility theory; Prioritized truth, nonviolence, and the sacredness of human life