1
Q
Greek: Physis
A
Nature
2
Q
Greek Logia
A
“study of”
3
Q
Physiology Definition:
A
The study of how animals work
4
Q
What does it do?
A
Function
5
Q
How does it do it?
A
Mechanism
6
Q
Physiology is based on_____
A
physics & chemistry
7
Q
Phenotypes are influenced by______
A
genetics & the environment
8
Q
Physiological processes are usually _______
A
regulated
9
Q
Hierarchy of Integration
A
atoms>molecules>cells>tissues>organs>organ systems> organisms > populations
10
Q
3 characteristics of Phenotypes
A
- morphology (structure/anatomy)
- physiology (function)
- behavior
11
Q
what is phenotypic plasticity?
A
ability of a phenotype to change in response to environmental conditions
- same genotype may result in multiple phenotypes
- can be reversible or irreversible
- NOT adaptation (no genomic changes)
12
Q
epigenetics
A
non DNA changes
13
Q
homeostasis
A
you know what homeostasis is you dumb lunk
14
Q
2 strategies for physiological regulation (facing external conditions) [graph!!]
A
- Conformer
- allow internal environment to match external environment
- Regulator
- changes to to a set point, maintain zone of stability
- particular to a specific environmental factor
15
Q
4 types of Regulatory Mechanisms
A
- Negative feedback
- Positive feedback
- Feed-Forward Action
- Acclimatization
16
Q
Negative Feedback
A
Response opposes stimulus
e. g.:
- Increase in body temp: blood vessels dilate, sweat
- Decrease in body temp: blood vessels constrict, no sweating
17
Q
Antagonistic control
A
two functions that work in the opposite directions to maintain set point (homeostasis)
e.g.: Blood glucose
18
Q
Positive Feedback
A
response amplifies stimulus (until an END POINT)
e.g. childbirth: as muscles in uterine wall contract, contraction leads to further distortion of uterus which is detected by stretch receptors, affects brain, releases oxytocin to cause further contractions.
19
Q
Feed-Forward (anticipatory) mechanism
A
anticipation of stimulus
e.g.: stomach growling at lunch time (a.k.a. Pizza Time)
20
Q
Acclimatization
A
adjusting physiological function in response to changes in the environment
Typically reversible
e.g.: jet lag, elevation change
21
Q
Acclimation
A
laboratory phenomenon - response to change in only one factor
22
Q
Emergent Properties
A
a property that complex systems have that the individual members do not
23
Q
Basic Cell structure
A
- Nucleus: DNA > gene expression
- Cytoplasm (cytosol)
- Plasma membrane
- mitochondria: makes majority of ATP
24
Q
Membrane proteins
A
On the plasma membrane
- Polar heads (hydrophilic)
- Non-polar lipid tails (hydrophobic)
- Small, non-polar molecules can pass through PM
- Large and/or polar/charged molecules can not cross bilayer
25
Plasma Membrane
- maintain composition of intra and extracellular fluids
- forms framework for protein components
- desmosomes - no transfer of molecules
- tight junctions - some molecular transfer
26
Types of membrane transport
- simple diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Bulk Transport
27
Characteristics of Simple diffusion
- Movement from a region of high to low concentration
- Powered by random thermal motion
- no ATP required
- FLUX: measure of diffusion rate
28
Direction and magnitude of net flux depends on_______
- Permeability
- Concentration gradient
- Temperature
- Surface Area
- Size of molecule
- Distance
29
Facilitated diffusion
Transmembrane proteins facilitate diffusion of some polar or charged molecules
30
With Facilitated diffusion, molecules move _______ their concentration/electrochemical gradient
Down
31
ATP is _____ required for facilitated diffusion
NOT
32
Channel proteins
- Provide corridor for polar or charged molecules to pass through membrane
33
Channel protein specificity depends on______ and _____
charge & size
34
Two types of ion channels
Selective (Na+, K+, Cl-)
&
Non-selective (Na+,K+,Li+)
35
Aquaporins
Facilitated diffusion for water
| high concentration of water to low concentration of water
36
Osmolarity
Total concentration of solutes in a solution
Measured in OSMOLES
37
1 Osmole =
1 mole of solute/L
38
Osmolarity depends on______
Total number of molecules NOT individual type
39
3 ways to compare osmolarity of two solutions
Isomotic: same solute concentration
Hyperosmotic: higher solute concentration
Hyposmotic: lower solute concentration
40
Isomotic
same solute concentration
41
Hyperosmotic
higher solute concentration
42
Hyposmotic
Lower solute concentration
43
Water moves from ___tonic side to ____tonic side
Hypotonic side to hypertonic side
44
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure generated by movement of water by osmosis.
No net flux is reached when hydrostatic (gravity) pressure is equal to osmotic pressure
45
3 different classifications of channel proteins
- Constitutive channels
- Gated Channels
- Special gated channels
46
Constitutive channels
Always open
| - e.g.: Aquaporins
47
Gated channels
- ligand gated channels
- Voltage-gated channels
- Mechanically gated channels
48
Ligand gated channels
- signal molecule binds to receptor to open/close channel
| - e.g.: acetylcholine regulates entry of Na+ into muscle cells
49
Voltage-gated channels
- regulated by the electrical state of the cell
| - activated by change in voltage across membrane
50
Mechanically-gated channels
Regulated by a physical change
| e.g. touching your skin leading to a sense of touch
51
Special gated channel
gap junctions
52
Gap Junctions
- aqueous pore between two adjacent cells
- made of connexin
- allows cell signals (chemical messenger) to be transferred directly between two cells
- not always open
53
Gap junctions are gated by ________
pH, voltage, other
54
Carrier Proteins
Permease: binds the substrate, undergoes a conformational change, and releases substrate on the other side
55
Active Transport
Transported molecules must bind to the transporters
- metabolic energy is required
- primary active transport - directly
- secondary active transport - indirectly
56
Primary Active Transport
ATP bonds break, energy is released
- maintains electrochemical gradient
e. g.: Ca2+ ATPase
e. g.: Na+/K+ ATPase
- ATP binding Phosphate to transport protein, K triggers Phosphate to detach
57
Secondary Active Transport
the generated electrochemical gradients use "Coupled Transport"
58
Two Secondary Active Transport transporters
Antiporters & Symporters
59
Antiporter
Two ions going in opposite directions (K in, Na out)
60
Symporter
two ions coupled going in same direction (Na bringing glucose in with it)
61
Bulk Transport
Simultaneous movement of many large molecules that cannot be transported by carriers
62
Two types of bulk transport
Exocytosis & Endocytosis
63
Exocytosis
bulk transport out of the cell
| - fusion of the membrane-bound vesicles that contain cellular products with the plasma membrane
64
Endocytosis
bulk transport into the cell
| - specific molecules can be taken into the cell because of the interaction of the molecule and a protein receptor
65
Ions with greater concentration inside the cell:
K+, Organic Anions
66
Examples of Organic Anions
Phosphate, nucleic acid
67
Ions with greater concentration outside of the cell:
Na+, Cl-
68
Nernst Equation at STP
58log([outside]/[inside])
69
The difference between an ion's equilibrium potential and RMP is called_______
Driving force
70
Any extension off of a cell body is called a _____
process
71
Signals are received at the _______
dendrites
72
Signal integration happens at the _________
axon hillock
73
The axon hillock is also known as the ______
trigger zone
74
A signal is conducted along the _____
axon
75
Signal ends at the ______
axon terminal
76
Gap between the axon terminal and the receptor ____
synapse
77
Transient changes that occur locally
Graded potential
78
characteristics of Graded potentials
- short distance
varied in magnitude and duration
occur in dendrites and cell bodies
79
Graded potentials can stack over ____ & _____
Space & Time
80
EPSP
Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential
81
EPSPs move Vm ______
closer to threshold for AP
82
IPSP
Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential
83
IPSPs move Vm ______
farther from threshold
84
Depolarization is caused by ___ ions flowing ___
Na+, into the cell
85
Repolarization is caused by ____ ions flowing ___
K+, out of the cell
86
A strong driving force is caused by _____
a large difference in RMP and an ion's equilibrium potential
87
The period where absolutely NO Action Potential can occur
Absolute Refractory Period
88
The period where a large enough stimulus could trigger a new Action Potential
Relative refractory period
89
3 types of neurons
- Multipolar
- Bipolar
- Unipolar
90
Characteristics of multipolar neurons
- many processes (dendrites and axon)
- Many in the brain
- Spinal cord
91
Characteristics of bipolar neurons
- only 2 processes off the cell body
- single dendrite
- single axon
- involved in special senses
- vision
- olfaction
- hearing
92
Characteristics of unipolar neurons
- off of the cell body only one extension (process)
- then it branches
- idk, they're weird
93
What receptors mediate detection of chemicals?
Chemoreceptors
94
Two types of chemoreceptors
- Exteroreceptors
| - Interoceptors
95
Exteroreceptors are involved in which senses?
- Olfaction (smell)
- Gustatory (taste)
- Nociception (pain)
96
Interoceptors are involved in what senses?
Internal senses
- Blood pH
- Chemosensors in stomach
97
What are neurons involved in smell called?
Oderant Receptor Neurons (ORNs) (bipolar)
98
What is the pathway for Oderant Receptors?
- Chemical is ligated to receptor
- Gprotein (Golf) is activated, which activates adenylate cyclase.
- Acycl converts ATP into cAMP
- cAMP opens cAMP gated ion channels (allow Ca2+ and Na+ into cell) (non-specific channels)
- Ca2+ opens Ca2+ gated Cl- channels, Cl- flows out, further increasing depolarization, leads to AP
99
what chemical does the olfaction Action Potential release?
Glutamate
100
What is the sweet G-protein?
Gustducin
101
Gustducin pathway
Activates Acycl to make cAMP
- Closes K+ channels (depolarization)
- this activates Ca2+ channels (enter cell) causes NT release (glutamate)
102
What is the bitter G-protein?
Transducin
103
Transducin Pathway
- Activates PLC (not Acycl) acts on secondary messenger IP3
- Releases calcium from internal stores (NOT DEPOLARIZED)
Ca2+ activates NT release (glutamate)
104
Salty pathway
Na+ enters directly
- causes depolarization
- opens Ca2+ channels
- Release NT (serotonin)
105
Sour pathway
H+ from sour foods block K+ channel
| - K+ can't leave, depolarization, Ca2+ opens, release NT
106
Vertebrates use _____ potential
Receptor
107
Invertebrates use ______ potential
generator
108
Mechanoreception is used in what senses?
- Touch/pressure
- Proprioception
- Equilibrium/Balance
- Hearing
- Baroreception
109
Epithelial Sodium Channel
- Large extracellular link
| - Intracellular link from mebrane to cytoskeleton, activated with pressure, allows Na+ in
110
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel
non-selective cation channels
111
Two channels activated with mechanoreception:
- Epithelial Sodium Channel (EnaC)
| - Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel
112
Somatosensation
touch receptors
113
Two types of accessory Structures
- Tonic Receptors
| - Phasic receptors
114
Tonic receptors
- activated with light pressure
- e.g.: merkels disks
- responding for duration of stimulus
115
Phasic receptors
- activated with deep pressure
- respond only to changes in pressure
- e.g. Pacinian corpuscle
116
Proprioceptors:
Monitor the position of the body in space
117
Mechanoreceptors for equilibrium example
Lobster
- statocyst
- statolith (stony particles)
- as porganism moves, statoliths roll around, which ever neurons are contacted, detected as mech. force
118
Hair cell mechanoreceptor
- responsible for hearing and balance
- sterocillia movement
- intrinsic excitability
- bathed in endolymph
- high external K+, low internal
119
What happens with a move toward longer stereocillia?
- more channel opening
- depolarization
- frequency of APs
120
What happens with a move toward shorter stereocillia?
- more closure of Ca2+ channels
| - hyperpolarization
121
Vestibular apparatus
maintains stereocillia mechanism in inner ear
122
otoliths
rocks on gelatenous layer in vestibular apparatus
BIO 225
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
