BIO 225 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cretinism

A

low level of thyroid hormone

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2
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much thyroid hormone

  • tired all the time
  • eyes bulging
  • increased metabolic rate
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3
Q

MCH

A

Hormone allowing fish to change color when eyes sense different colors

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4
Q

Pituitary gland controls:

A

maturation of sexual organs

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5
Q

Classical definition of hormones

A

“chemical substances produced by specialized tissues and transported through bloodstream to other tissues where they elicit a specific physiological response

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6
Q

Limitations of classical definition of hormones

A
  • not all substances that have hormonal activity are produced from specialized tissues
  • many hormones have multiple sources
  • some hormones act locally without releasing into circulation
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7
Q

Broad definition of hormones

A

“chemical substances released by one cell and which act on another cell”

  • not nutrients
  • effective in low concentration
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8
Q

classical endocrine glands

A
  • pineal
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testis
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9
Q

Exocrine vs. endocrine gland

A 
exocrine
- secretes to a specific destination
- excretes to external environment
endocrine
- ductless gland
- secretes into circulatory system
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10
Q

4 types of cell signaling

A
  • direct cell (gap junctions)
  • autocrine/paracrine (cell to cell)
  • neural (long distance, electrical)
  • endocrine (blood stream)
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11
Q

6 classes of chemical messengers

A
  • peptides
  • steroids
  • amines
  • lipids
  • purines
  • gases
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12
Q

Hydrophilic messenger characteristics

A 
Storage: intracellular vesicles
Secretion: exocytosis
Transport: extracellular fluids
Receptor: transmembrane
Effects: rapid
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13
Q

Hydrophobic messenger characteristics

A 
Storage: synthesized on demand
Secretion: diffusion across membrane
Transport: 
 - short: dissolved in extracellular fluid
 - long: bound to carrier proteins
Receptor: intracellular or transmembrane
Effects: slower or rapid
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14
Q

Peptide protein hormones

A 
- hydrophilic
 • soluble in aq. sol'n
 • travel to target cell dissolved in extracellular fluid
- bind to transmembrane receptors
 • signal transduction (?)
- Rapid effects on target cell
  • 2-200 AA long
  • Synthesized on rough ER
  • stored in vesicles
  • secreted by exocytosis
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15
Q

Larger peptide hormones that are later broken apart

A

preprohormones

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16
Q

AVP

A

Arginine Vasopressin

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17
Q

Amine Hormones

A
  • Chemicals that possess amine group
  • some “true” endocrine hormones
  • some neurotransmitters
  • some both
  • most are hydrophilic
  • many effects
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18
Q

examples of amine hormones

A
  • acetylcholine
  • catecholamines
  • dopamine
  • norepiniephrine
  • epinephrine
  • serotonin
  • melatonin
  • histamine
  • thyroid hormones
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19
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • synthesized on smooth ER or Mitochondria
  • hydrophobic
  • can diffuse thru plasma membrane
  • cannot be stored in cell
  • synthesized on demand
  • transported by carrier proteins
  • SLOW EFFECTS
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20
Q

Three classes of steroids

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • electrolyte balance
  • glucocorticoids
  • stress hormones
  • reproductive hormones
  • regulate sex-specific characteristics
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21
Q

Steroid Hormone Characteristics

A 
- Hydrophobic
 • can diffuse through plasma membrane
• cannot be stored in cell
• must be synthesized on demand
• transported to target cell by carrier protein
• bind to intracellular or transmembrane receptors
• slow effects on target cell
- gene transcription
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22
Q

Target cell communication

A

Ligand (chemical messenger) binds to receptors on target cell

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23
Q

IGF:

A

Insulin growth factor

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24
Q

IGF1:

A

Triggers response

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25
IGF2:
prevents response
26
Ways to inactivate the Ligand-Receptor complex
- ligand removed by distant tissues - ligand taken up by adjacent cells - ligand degraded by extracellular enzymes - ligand-receptor complex removed by endocytosis - receptor inactivation - inactivation of signal transduction pathway
27
Types of receptors
- ligand-gated ion channel - receptor enzyme - g-protein coupled receptor - intracellular receptors
28
Intracellular receptors
- ligand diffuses across cell membrane - binds to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus - L-R complex binds to specific DNA sequences - Regulates the transcription of target genes
29
3 domains on the intracellular receptor
- Ligand-binding - DNA-binding - transactivation
30
6 major hormones released by the anterior pituitary
- Growth Hormone (GH) - Prolactin (PRL) - Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
31
Oversecretion of GH
Gigantism - increased GH early in life | Acromegaly - increased GH later in life
32
Dwarfism can be a result of two different things:
- GH deficiency | - GH receptor insensitivity
33
Agonist
- Binds to receptor - Causes a Response - Many are man-made
34
Agonist
- Binds to receptor - Causes a Response - Many are man-made
35
Antagonist
- binds to receptor - does not cause a response - man-made OR natural
36
3 main neurohormones (hypothalamus)
- TRH - GnRH - CRH
37
TRH
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | - 3 amino acids
38
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone - 10 AAs - stimulate FSH and LH
39
CRH
ACTH-releasing hormone | - 41 AAs
40
GHRH
GH Releasing Hormone - increases at night - released from hypothalamus into pituitary
41
GHIH
GH Inhibitory hormone - goes down at night released from hypothalamus
42
GH goes to _____ tissues
all
43
GH causes release of ____ to ____ cells
IGFs, neighboring
44
Prolactin
- promotion of lactation - promotes maternal behavior thru effects on brain - found in all vertibrates – even ones without mammary glands
45
6 other effects of prolactin
- osmoregulation - reproduction - development - metabolism - integument - behavior effects
46
Cretenism is caused by...
insufficient thyroid hormone during fetal and neonatal development
47
ACTH
Adrenocotricotropic hormone - controls stress response - goes to adrenal gland - adrenal gland releases cortisol
48
Posterior pituitary
- extension of hypothalamus - neruons that originate in ht terminate in post. pit. - neurohormones oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized in cell body (ht) and travel in vesicles down axon - First Order endocrine pathway
49
AVP:
vasopressin - binds g protein linked receptor - activates adenylate cyclase Triggers insertion of aquaporins in cell membrane via exocytosis
50
Beta cells of pancreas store
Insulin
51
Alpha cells of pancreas store
Glucagon
52
Delta cels of pancreas store
Somatostatin
53
3 chains of Insulin
A-chain: 21 AA B-chain: 30 AA C-chain: 31 AA
54
_____ cleaved off insulin to form mature insulin
C-chain
55
insulin favors _____, inhibits _____
Anabolic, catabolic
56
Isoreceptors
Same hormone, different receptors, different response
57
Fick Equation
dQ/dt = D • A • (dC/dx)
58
Diffusion equation
t = x^2/4D
59
Boyle's Law
P1V1 = P2V2
60
Henry's Law
[G] = Pgas • Sgas
61
Graham's Law
Diff. Rate (proportional to) D • A • ∆Pgas • Sgas/ X • sqrt(MW)
62
_____ has the same effect as increasing surface area
mixing
63
In tidal ventilation PO2 can approach the PO2 of ________
exhalant
64
Bird Lung process
1. air enters posterior sacs 2. chest compressed, air forced to lung 3. chest expanded, air forced to anterior air sacs 4. chest compressed, air forced out
65
each hemoglobin molecule can bind ___ oxygen molecules
4
66
each red blood cell has ______ hemoglobin molecules
hundreds of
67
3 methods of CO2 transport in blood
- Dissolved in plasma (7%) - Carbaminohemoglobin (23%) - Bicarbonate (70%)
68
_____ catalyzes formation of bicarbonate
Carbonic Anhydrase
69
Increasing pH shifts O2 affinity curve to the____
Left, better affinity
70
physiological processes are ________ sensitive
temperature
71
ideal temperature range for most animals
0-45ºC
72
Q10 equation
Rate at (T+10ºC)/rate at TºC
73
Body heat =
Heat produced + Heat transferred
74
Fourier's law:
Q(heat flux) = λ∆T/L
75
Resistance =
1/conductivity
76
Thermal conductivity units
W/m/K (watts/meter/kelvin)
77
Examples of external insulation
- hair - feathers - air - water
78
Heat Flux =
Metabolic heat production +/- conduction +/- convection +/- radiation - evaporation
79
poikilotherm
relatively variable body temperature
80
homeotherm
relatively stable body temperature
81
ectotherm
environment determines body temperature
82
endotherm
animal generates internal heat to maintain body temperature
83
ectotherms include...
all invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles
84
benefits of ectotherms
- exploit many adaptive zones unavailable to birds and mammals - low metabolic rate - suited to periodic shortages in food, water, oxygen
85
Homeoviscous adaption
ectothermal animals reduce ill effects of temp by changing cell membrane composition
86
four ways to change cell membrane compostion
- fatty acid chain length - saturation - phospholipid classes - cholesterol content
87
3 ways to move from low to high membrane fluidity
- shorten the chain length - unsaturate the chain - PC -> PE (polar head)
88
two types of phospholipid remodeling
- in-situ | - de-novo
89
cell membranes are constantly remodeled by
endocytosis and exocytosis
90
Physiological mechanisms to maintain homeostatic temperature (ectotherms)
- metabolic compensation - isozymes (enzymes with same function, but that act at different temps) - color change - countercurrent heat exchange (e.g. rete mirable)
91
HSP
Heat shock protein (chaperone)
92
Freeze tolerance
some animals allow their tissues to freeze
93
freeze avoidance
- cryoprotectant: increase in. intracellular solute concentration decreases freezing point - antifreeze macromolecules (proteins/glycoproteins disrupt ice crystal formation by binding to small crystal and preventing growth)
94
Regional ectotherms
different areas of the body warming up
95
temporal ectotherms
different body temps at different times of day
96
mechanisms to lose body heat
- sweating - panting - vasodilation
97
dormancy
- hibernation | - esternation
98
Thyroid hormone can ___________ temperature
increase
BIO 225
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