Anatomy > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the inorganic molecules?

A

water, O2, CO2, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+

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2
Q

what are organic molecules?

A

molecules containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and are commonly straight chains, branched chains, or rings

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3
Q

what are the four groups of organic molecules?

A

carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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3
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

many joined monomers, starches and glycogen

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of carbohydrates?

A

C,H,O
hydrophilic
all sugars and starches
The most important energy source
part of the structure of cell membranes

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4
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

glucose and fructose

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4
Q

examples of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of lipids?

A

C to H ratio only small amount of O
hydrophobic
provides twice the amount of ATP as carbs
used for long term energy reserve
thermal insulation
creates a barrier for the cell membrane
sex hormones are lipids

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5
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two joined monomers, sucrose, maltose, and lactose

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5
Q

what are simple carbs vs complex carbs?

A

simple carbs are monosaccharides and disaccharides while complex carbs are polysaccharides

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6
Q

what are the types of lipids?

A

glycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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7
Q

what are the types of glycerides?

A

monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride

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7
Q

what is a phospholipid composed of?

A

phosphate, 2 diglycerides, and 1 nonlipid group

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7
Q

what are steroids composed of?

A

4 carbon rings with different attached functions

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of proteins?

A

composed of C,H,O,N
mostly hydrophilic
most abundant molecule
many functions
contains amino acids
4 levels of structure

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8
Q

primary structure

A

amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

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9
Q

examples of steroids?

A

cholesterol, hormones, bile, and vitamin D

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10
Q

what are polypeptides?

A

a string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

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11
Q

what are the four levels of structure of proteins?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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11
Q

how does a polypeptide become a protein?

A

it folds into a specific shape to do a specific job

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12
Q

secondary structure

A

primary structure becomes folded, held together by hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D chape of peptide chain twists which incorporates the secondary structure

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14
Q

quaternary structure

A

linking together of more than one polypeptide chain

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of nucleic acids?

A

composed of C, H, N, O, and P
hydrophilic
monomers = nucleotides

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16
what are nucleotides?
composed of small carbohydrate sugar molecules either ribose or deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
17
what are types of nucleic acids?
ATP, DNA, and RNA
18
what is the plasma membrane?
separates the cell contents from the extracellular fluid
18
what is the cell theory?
1. all living things are made of one or more cells 2. all cells come from the division/splitting of preexisting cells 3. cells are the smallest units that can perform the characteristic functions of life to maintain homeostasis
19
what is the process of specialization of cells called?
differentiation
20
what is the cytoplasm?
all material found between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope
21
what is cytosol?
intracellular fluid
21
what happens in the cytosol?
protein synthesis, glycolysis, and inclusions which is stored molecules
21
what is the cytoskeleton?
a network of filamentous proteins that support the cell and organelles and provides transportation pathways within the cell
22
functions of plasma membrane
protect and contain interior components gather information about its environment transmits information and identifies itself to other cells regulates substances that enter and leave the cell controls attachments with other cells and with the environment
22
what is the phospholipid bilayer?
double layer of phospholipids to create a barrier that separates fluid inside the cell from fluids outside the cell
23
what are glycoproteins and glycolipids and their functions?
molecules that are partly carbohydrate and part of the plasma membrane cell recognition binding to other cells lubrication of cell surface
24
what are the parts of a plasma membrane?
phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteins
24
what are integral proteins?
span the cell membrane
24
what are peripheral proteins?
bound to either the inner or outer surface
25
linking proteins
link cells together in a tissue and can allow communication between cells
25
structural proteins
bind proteins inside and outside of cell for stability of the cell
26
enzyme proteins
for metabolic function
27
carrier proteins
transport materials in and out of cell
27
receptor proteins
receive chemical messages from other cells and monitor the ECF
27
channel proteins
allow diffusion of small molecules through the membrane
27
antigen proteins
allow immune system cells to identify one's own cells
28
what is diffusion?
the movement of particles move down a concentration gradient
29
what is facilitated diffusion?
diffusion with the help of a protein channel or carrier molecule
29
what is osmosis?
the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane
29
what is active transport?
allows movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, uses carrier molecules
30
what is filtration?
molecules forced through the membrane by fluid pressure
31
what is endocytosis?
movement of droplets or large substances into the cell through the cell using membrane bound vesicles
31
example of active transport?
sodium potassium pump
32
what are the forms vesicular transport?
endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis
33
what is pinocytosis vs phagocytosis?
pinocytosis engulfs liquid while phagocytosis engulfs solids
34
what is exocytosis?
release of substances from a secretory vesicle formed by a cell
35
what is transcytosis?
receptor mediated endocytosis quickly followed by exocytosis, rapidly transports a particle from one end of a cell to the other
36
what is cellular respiration?
the process by which cells break down food molecules and place the energy into ATP molecules
37
what is anaerobic respiration?
accomplished in the cytoplasm by a metabolic process called glycolysis
38
what is aerobic respiration?
accomplished in mitochondria by metabolic pathways called the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain requires oxygen
39
what is a gene?
A section of DNA that has enough nucleotides to give the information to produce a specific protein
40
where does transcription occur?
nucleus
41
where does translation occur?
cytoplasm with the help of ribosomes
42
what does transcription do?
encodes genetic instructions on a strand of RNA, one protein is copied from DNA into an RNA molecule
43
what does translation do?
builds polypeptides as directed by the RNA strand
44
mRNA
carries a coded message about the order and number of amino acids needed to build the protein
45
tRNA
molecules help by bringing amino acids to build a protein
46
what is cancer?
illness that accelerates the normal rate of cell division, characterized by mutations, cancer cells compete with normal cells for resources
47
what is a cancerous tumor?
neoplasm which is a mass of cells, benign and malignant
48
what is a benign tumor?
remain in original tissue
49
what is a malignant tumor
accelerated growth due to blood vessel growth and supply to the area
50
what is metastasis?
formation of secondary tumors
50
what is invasion?
cells migrating into surrounding tissues
51
how does a nerve cells structure relate to function?
the long extensions enable it to conduct electrical impulses from one body part to another
52
what is glycolysis?
occurs in the cytosol, glucose is split into two smaller molecules allowing the release of energy which will be temporarily held in bonds of ATP
53
passive processes and examples?
it does not require ATP, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, or filtration
54
active processes and examples?
require ATP, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis
55
what is the cell membrane permeable to? (will let through diffusion)
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other lipid soluble substances
56
what is osmotic pressure?
amount of pressure that would be required to overcome the osmotic movement of water into a solution
57
what are the components of the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
58
microfilaments
composed of actin protein, part of microvilli
59
intermediate filaments
strongest and most durable cytoskeletal element and helps move molecules through cytosol
60
microtubules
extend outward from centrosome, provide strength, move organelles, and moves chromosomes through cytosol during mitosis
61
how are carbohydrates broken down?
catabolic reactions
62
what is cellulose?
fibrous carbohydrate of plants
63
fats
solid at room temp saturated
64
oil
glycerides that are liquid at room temp unsaturated
65
oil
glycerides that are liquid at room temp unsaturated
66
what is the first step in DNA replication?
Helicase enzyme helps to unwind and “unzip” the DNA so that each DNA strand can be used as a template
67
what is the second step to DNA replication?
DNA polymerase enzyme helps match new nucleotide bases to each of the DNA template strands.
68
what is the third step to DNA replication?
The sugar-phosphate portions of the nucleotides will be joined to create new strands.
69
what happens in translation?
Translation occurs in cytoplasm with help of ribosomes, mRNA leaves nucleus via nuclear pores and goes to a, ribosome where the protein will be built, tRNA molecules help by bringing amino acids
70
first step of protein synthesis?
transcription, RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of the pre-mRNA transcript from a DNA template
71
second step of protein synthesis?
RNA processing and transit, the introns are cut and the exons make up the mRNA, the mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytosol
72
third step to protein synthesis?
translation, mRNA binds to the ribosome and is translated by tRNA, producing a polypeptide
73
fourth step to protein synthesis?
posttranslational modification, the polypeptide is modified and folded into its final protein form, most of which occurs in the cytosol or the rough ER
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