bio 150 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define “bacterial growth” and the four main factors that determine its rate

A

increase in number of cells in population - reproduction 1.Temperature 2.Oxygen (O₂) availability 3.pH 4. Osmotic pressure

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2
Q

Define “generation time.”

A

amount of time it takes from completion of one cell division until completion of the next (genetically defined for each species and ranges min- hrs) bacteria reproduce via asexual binary fission

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3
Q

what lives at very cold temps ?

A

psychrophiles (< 15C)

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4
Q

what lives at moderate temp?

A

mesophiles (25-20 C) (body temp)

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5
Q

what lives at HOt temps

A

Thermophiles (45-80 C)

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6
Q

what lives at VERY HOT temps?

A

Hyperthermophiles (> 80C)

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7
Q

What are elements C, H, O used for?

A

Proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
ATP

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8
Q

What is the element N used in?

A

amino acids
nitrogen bases
ATP

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9
Q

What is the element S used in?

A

some amino acids

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10
Q

What is the element P (phosphorus) used in?

A

Nucleic acids
membrane lipids
ATP

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11
Q

What are the elements K, Mg, and Ca used in?

A

Enzyme function

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12
Q

What is the element Fe used in?

A

enzyme function and electron transport

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13
Q

Describe a “closed system” for bacterial

A

lab no new nutrients are added and waste is not removed

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14
Q

What happens during lag phase?

A

bacteria prepare for division ( no increase in cell number / ATP and enzymes synthesized / cells grow slightly / media is conditioned by enzyme release)

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15
Q

What happens during log phase?

A

Cell numbers increase exponentially (most susceptible to antibiotics / length of phase determined by ability to synthesize ATP )

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16
Q

What happens during stationary phase?

A

cell division slows (cells die / nutrients limited / waste accumulates)

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17
Q

What happens during death phase?

A

cells die at an exp rate (no more cell division / involution makes identification hard but persistor cells cling to life)

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18
Q

Formula for Predict bacterial growth over time

A

Nt = N₀ × 2ⁿ
Nt = total number of cells at time t
N₀ = initial number of cells
n = number of generations

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19
Q

What is the application of disinfection?

A

medical facilities including lab benches or clinical surfaces and bathrooms

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20
Q

Define Sanatization

A

Reduces microbes to safe public levels (food industry)

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21
Q

Define degerming

A

reduces microbial numbers on skin through scrubbing with mild chemicals (handwashing)

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22
Q

Define antisepsis

A

reduces microbial numbers on skin or tissues through chemical agents (Wound cleaning

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23
Q

Define disinfectant

A

Reduces microbes on inanimate objects using heat or chemicals (medical facilities)

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24
Q

Define antiseptic

A

chemical agent used for antisepsis or degerming of skin or tissues (Wound cleaning

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25
Define Germacidal
chemical agent that kills (Bactericidal
26
Define germistatic
chemical genet that inhibits growth
27
List physical methods for antimicrobial control procedures
washing / heat/ cold / drying / radiation / filtration
28
List chemical methods for antimicrobial control procedures
antiseptics disinfectants antimicrobial medications soap heavy metals
29
30
Describe the ideal characteristics of an antimicrobial medication
Selectively toxic / Stable in body fluids / Soluble / Non-allergenic / Resistant to resistance development / Inexpensive and easy to administer
31
Identify the six main antibiotic targets
1.Cell wall synthesis 2.Protein synthesis 3.Nucleic acid synthesis 4.Cell membrane integrity 5.Metabolic pathways 6.Inhibition of attachment/entry
32
Define “antibiotic resistance.”
ability of a previously susceptible bacterium to no longer be affected by a specific antibiotic.
33
Define symbiosis
Two species living closely together.
34
Define Mutualism
Both benefit (e.g.
35
Define Commensalism
One benefits
36
Define Parasitism
One benefits at the host’s expense.
37
Define “symbiont” and “host.”
Symbiont: Organism living in or on another. Host: Organism that houses the symbiont.
38
Describe the major contributions of the human microbiome
Competes w/ pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites Inhibits pathogen growth Produces anti-inflammatory compounds Stimulates immune development Synthesizes vitamins K
39
Define Pathogen
Disease-causing microorganism
40
Define Parasite
Disease-causing eukaryote
41
Define Infection
Replication of non-animal pathogen in/on host
42
Define Infestation
Replication of animal parasite in/on host
43
Define Communicable
Contagious (e.g.
44
Define Non-communicable
Spread by vector (e.g.
45
Define Local infection
Confined to entry site
46
Define Systemic infection
Spread throughout body
47
Define Septicemia
Pathogens/toxins in the blood
48
Differentiate between acute
chronic
49
Define Pathogenicity
Ability to cause disease
50
Define Virulence
Intensity or degree of pathogenicity
51
Define Virulence factors
Adhesion factors capsules, enzymes, toxins, immune evasion
52
Identify the three major reservoirs of disease
Human reservoirs: Controlled by vaccines.
53
Animal reservoirs:
Cause zoonotic diseases (e.g.COVID).
54
Identify the four main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Efflux pumps: Expel the drug before it reaches an effective dose. Blocked penetration: Altered porins prevent antibiotic entry. Drug inactivation: Enzymes modify or destroy the antibiotic. Target modification: Altered binding site prevents the drug from working.
55
Define Disinfection
reduces microbial movers on inanimate objects through heat or chemical
56
Differentiate between broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum drugs
Broad-spectrum drugs: Effective against a wide variety of bacteria (both Gram+ and Gram–) / Narrow-spectrum drugs: Target specific bacterial types.
57
Define “therapeutic dose.”
drug concentration that kills or inhibits the pathogen without harming the host.
58
Explain the three-step process by which resistance is acquired
1. Resistance gene appears through mutation. 2. Gene spreads via horizontal transfer (transformation, transduction, conjugation). 3. Antibiotic use selects for resistant strains.
59
Identify the “three-pronged attack” to slow antibiotic resistance
Healthcare providers: Only prescribe when necessary; stress full course completion. Patients: Follow prescriptions exactly; don’t self-prescribe. Agriculture/government: Ban non-therapeutic use in livestock feed.
60
List and describe the five stages of infection
1. Incubation: Pathogen multiplies; no symptoms. 2. Prodromal: Mild, nonspecific symptoms. 3. Acute: Severe symptoms; peak contagiousness. 4. Convalescent: Recovery begins; symptoms decline. 5. Continuation: Pathogen lingers or leaves sequelae.
61
six stages of pathogenesis
Entry Attachment Survival of host defenses Damage to host Exit from host Survival outside host
62
Define mechanical and biological vectors
Mechanical vector: Pathogen carried on body surface (e.g., fly feet). Biological vector: Pathogen carried within vector’s body (e.g., mosquito).
63
Differentiate between exotoxins and endotoxins
Exotoxin Gram + or – bacteria Heat-sensitive Specific tissue damage Endotoxin Gram – bacteria (outer membrane) Heat-stable General effects (fever, shock)
64
four major toxin types and examples
Cytotoxins: Damage cells/tissues (e.g., diphtheria) Neurotoxins: Affect nervous system (e.g., botulism, tetanus) Enterotoxins: Affect GI tract (e.g., cholera) Superantigens: Overactivate immune system (e.g., toxic shock syndrome)
65
Define epidemiology
The study of disease patterns in populations to determine when, where, who, how, and how to control spread
66
Define R₀ (basic reproductive rate) and interpret its meaning.
R₀ is the number of new cases generated by one infected individual. If R₀ < 1 → disease dies out. If R₀ ≥ 1 → disease spreads.
67
Distinguish between prevalence and incidence
Prevalence: Total number/proportion of people with the disease (existing + new cases). Incidence: Number/proportion of new cases during a specific time period.
68
Differentiate mortality rate and case fatality rate
Mortality rate: Proportion of deaths in the total population. Case fatality rate: Proportion of deaths among those infected.
69
Define endemic, outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic
Endemic = Constantly present at low levels Outbreak = Sudden localized increase in cases Epidemic = Rapid spread over large area Pandemic = Worldwide spread across continents
70
Environmental reservoirs:
Soil/water sources; spore-forming pathogens.
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