1
Q
A
2
Q
A
3
Q
Mutualism examples
A
root nodules with nitrogen fixing bacteria / lichens composed of algae and fungi / deep sea tube worms and their bacteria / dogs and human pet
4
Q
Humans and their micro biota
A
5
Q
Commensalism birds and water buffalo / orchid growing on another tree
A
sharks and other fish
6
Q
Symbiosis host and symbiont
A
host organism with other organism living on it and symbiont organism living in or on hoast
7
Q
What does it mean when a symbiotic relationships is obligate
A
the interaction is required for at least one of the species / EX: Trichomonas cannot survive outside of its human host / We cannot survive without our mitochondria
8
Q
Sybiotic relationships: most times two species can survive independently but they dont because
A
life is easier for at least one of the species when the relationship is maintained EX:Dogs and humans can survive individually but do better together
9
Q
Microbes located in nasal cavity
A
staphylococcus
10
Q
Microbes located in oral cavity
A
streptococcus
11
Q
Microbes located in throat
A
streptococcus / haemophillus / Nelsseria
12
Q
Microbes located in skin
A
staphylococcus / propionibacterium
13
Q
Microbes located in large intestine
A
bacteroides / escherichia / lactobacillus / clastridium
14
Q
Microbes located in vagina
A
lactobacillus / candida
15
Q
The normal microbiota is composed of how many microbes?
A
trillions (outnumbering your cells 10:1)
16
Q
Why are certain areas considered “sterile”
A
They are normally free of microbes and not exposed
17
Q
What are examples of “sterile” areas in body?
A
Blood / The brain
18
Q
Infections in these areas can be problematic
A
since our immune
19
Q
Why is the microbiota so important AS
A
take up attachment sites needed by pathogens (organism needs host surfaces to colonize; since the normal microbiota are already in place
20
Q
Why is the microbiota so important OTC
A
they out compete foreign microbes for essential nutrients
21
Q
Why is the microbiota so important IG
A
inhibit growth of non-native microbes (EX: lactobacillus in vaginal canal produces lactic acid dropping pH level so candida yeast cant survive)
22
Q
Why is the microbiota so important T
A
bacteria produce anti-inflammatory compounds which prevent inflammation and immune activity against the normal microbiota (“tolerance”)
23
Q
A
24
Q
Why is the microbiota so important ID
A
gut bacteria stimulates immune development and immune activity (Initial exposure to the correct type of harmless microbes allows your immune system to develop properly)
25
Since the fetus is “sterile” in utero how do we get our microbiota?
Colonization begins at birth with: Passage through the vagina (exposure to Lactobacillus)
Breast feeding and eating
Handling by family members and friends Exposure to the outside world (remember ubiquity?)
26
gut bacterial species produce copious amounts of vitamins
vitamins K
27
Exposure to the correct bacteria allows for establishment of a good microbiotal community; obviously,
exposure should be somewhat controlled to prevent pathogen exposure (for example, if mother has an STI or a family member has TB) until the baby’s immune system is completely developed (~1 year old) Establishing The Normal Human Microbiome KNOW THIS
28
Common determining factors in epidemiology
rural vs urban tropical vs dry underdeveloped vs affluent
29
Rsub0 means
reproductive rate (number of new cases generated by one infected person used to predict disease spread) if R0\<1 disease dies out but if R\>=1 greater spread
30
r 0 value of polio 5-7 it is fecal-oral route
31
Define morbidity
being with disease expresses total number of diseased individuals within population w/o reference to pop size
32
Define prevalence
total number (or proportion) of people with specific disease in a period of time
33
Define incidence
number (or proportion) of new cases of a disease in a period of time
34
Define Mortality
(death rate) number (or proportion) of deaths in a population
35
Define case fatality rate
number (or proportion) of deaths among infected individuals
36
Define endemic disease
always present in a population at low numbers (usually maintained in reservoirs)
37
Define outbreak
sudden increase in occurrence of new disease cases in breif period of time that can result from endemic microbe or exogenous (outside) source
38
Case fatality rate
number of SICK that died (not just number dead thats something else)
39
Define epidemic
rapid spread of a disease to a large number of people over a short period of time (result from an endemic microbe or an exogenous (outside) source)
40
Define pandemic
disease occurrence on a world-wide scale (Typified by spread of disease on multiple continents
41
Mortality is of the whole population so it does not distinguish between sick and not sick but the case fatality rate is of those sick (always higher than mortality rate)
42
classic progression to pandemic for influenza A
Endemic \-\> outbreak (a few times a year)-\> epidemic (every 2-3 yrs) \-\> pandemic (every 20-30 yrs)
43
Name four ways to present epidemiology data
line graphs (relative to time) bar graphs (comparison between groups) pie charts (proportion) maps (geographic)
44
What to nate when interpreting bar graphs
overall trends / at risk populations / contributing factors/ potential action
45
What to nate when interpreting line graphs
seasonal differences / contributing factors
46
First documented use of epidemiology
cholera in 1854 when deaths were plotted on map relative to water pumping stations to show relationship between pumps and death resulting in broad street pump shut down ending outbreak
47
Difference between CDC and WHO
CDC (center disease control and prevention) is focal point of disease surveillance in US while WHO (world health organization) is the focal point of world wide surveillance
48
Difference between reportable diseases
local (written) / state (phone) / national (total case number)
49
Why is disease reporting important and what is the info used for
animal/insect control / educational programs / food handling / STI tracting / immunization programs / water purification
50
Define parasitism
(disease causing eukaryote) symbiotic relationship where organism benefits harming the host
51
In parasitism symbiont receives
energy nutrients shelter / damage is unintentional and minimal so they can keep the host a long time
52
Being classified as a parasite depends on
microbe’s genetics and virulence factors (structures that let them infect) / host immunity and receptor
53
Define pathogen
disease causing bacterium or virus or disease
54
Define host
larger organism that houses smaller symbiotic organism
55
Define infection
replication of non-animal pathogen/parasite in/on host
56
Define infestation
replication of animal parasite in/on host
57
What causes infection
bacteria virus protozoa and fungi
58
What causes infestations
worms lece and ticks
59
What is an Infectious disease
noticeable disturbance of bodily function
60
invasion with an infectious agent
61
#1 cause of death/ reason for seeking medical helpp
infectious disease
62
How are infectious diseases classified?
communicable (spreads contagious EX: COVID) or non-communicable (not contagious requires vector for transmission EX: malaria)
63
Define Infectious dose
estimation of how many cells or particles are required to cause pathology in half of those exposed (IDsubscript50) *hist immunity plays a role
64
Explain local
systemic and septicemia for infectious diseases
65
Define nosocomial
infectious disease acquired in hospital setting
66
Define iatrogenic
infectious disease resulting form medical treatment
67
Define zoonotic
infectious disease acquired from non-human animal
68
Define carrier
individual who harbors pathogen/parasite and is asymptomatic/ may be contagious or become symptomatic if parasite reaches high level
69
What are the characteristics of an asymptomatic carrier
infected but shows no signs of disease
70
What are the characteristics of an incubating carrier
spreads infection during incubation period
71
What are the characteristics of an convalescing carrier
spreads infection during decline period
72
What are the characteristics of an chronic carrier
harbors pathogen long-term because of latency
73
What are the characteristics of a passive carrier,
health-care worker who handles contaminated materials or treats infected patients
74
Explain course of infection,
initial exposure -> prodromal stage -. Acture phase/height of infection -. Convalescent period -. Continuation period
75
Characteristics of incubation period,
pathogen begins to multiply
time from exposure to symptoms
may be days to years (often < 30 days) contagious during end of this period
76
why does the length of the incubation period matter?
length determines disease progression
Short = acute infection
long= difficult to control because of wide spead
77
Characteristics of prodromal period
host shows signs/ symptoms of infection
78
Define signs of infection
objective indicators (body temp)
79
Define symptoms of infection
subjective indicators (nausea)
80
Characteristics of acute phase
signs and symptoms intensify becoming more specific helps identify disease / greatest period of contagiousness
81
Characteristics of convalescent period
patient responds to infection and symptoms decline health returns to somal (some damage the sequelae is long term)/ no longer contagious
82
Characteristics of continuation period
microbe lingers for months-years or disappears and leaves sequelae behind (ex lyme disease)
83
Define acute disease,
illness develops quickly is short terms and subsides fast host develops immunity as pathogen is eliminated
84
Define chronic disease
, illness develops slowly then persists for long time host defenses may or may not clear pathogen
85
86
Define latent disease
pathogen lies dormant after primary infection / illness may recur if immunity weakens / typical of lysogenic virus b/c of dna insertion into hst gnome
87
Characteristics of local infection
microbes remain confined to specific tissue
88
Define systemic infection
infection spreads to several sites and tissues
89
Define polymicrobial (mixed) infection
several disease-causing agents establish at same site
90
Define primary infection
initial infection
91
Define secondary infection
second infection caused by different agent due to weakened immunity
92
What is koch’s postulates- set of procedures used to identify etiological agent /cause) of infectious disease important for treatment control and prevention
93
What are the steps to Koch's postulates
1. Suspected cause absent in healthy organism but present is all diseased organisms 2. Causing agent must be isolated from diseased organism and grown in pure culture 3. Cultured agent must cause the same disease when innoculated to healthy organisms 4. Causing agent must then be reisolated from newly diseased organism
94
95
Define pathogenicity
capacity of a microbe to caise disease and depends on its ability to invade not just colonize 2. Ability to rapidly multiply beyond normal controls 3. Ability to overcome hoast defenses
96
What is virulence
the measure of how harmful a pathogen is (intensity
97
List virtulence factors
adhesive factors / capsule / induction of phagocytosis by non-phagocytic cells / disruption of phagocytosis by phagocytes / enzymes / toxins
98
Define disease reservoir
pathogen’s natural habitat in one of three types: human animal or environmental
99
What are the characteristics of a human reservoir
most significant because of our interactions with other environments and organisms so more spread but can be controlled with vaccination programs
100
What are the characteristics of animal reservoirs
most infectious diseases enter humans population from animal scourse and are zoonotic infections (like COVID) usully controlled by controlling animals (EX: spraying for mosquitos to control malaria)
101
What are the characteristics of environmental reserviors
for pathogens that can survive outside a body usually bacterial endospores and protozoal cysts most difficult to control and alst impossible tp treat houses (soil and water) without harming organisms that interact with the material
102
Why is life difficult normally for infectious disease microbes?
the normal anatomical and physiological makeup have complex immune responses designed to kill them
103
List stages of pathogenesis
1. Enter host (that's where nutrients are) 2. Attach in place (host will try and prevent this) 3. Survive host defense mechanisms (immediate immune respnse) 4. Cause damage to release nutrients 5. Exit host to avoid being killed by defenses or meds 6. Survive outside host until entering new host
104
105
Where can a pathogen gain entry (pathogenesis)
skin (broken) eyes GI tract respiratory tract urogenetal tract normal microbiota (opportunists)
106
Methods for adhesion to target (pathogenesis)
fimbriae capsule surface proteins viral spikes
107
Methods for surviving host defenses (phagogenesis)
avoid phagocytosis
108
Methods of causing damage (pathogenesis) direct damage (toxins or enzymes) or indirect damage (excessive immune response)
109
Methods to exit host (pathogenesis)
respiratory tract salivary glands skin cells fecal matter urogenital secretions blood
110
Methods for surviving until new host (pathogenesis) endospores or cysts
111
Define direct contant and give example of microbe that requires it
infected person touching uninfected person (trich o monas b/c has no cyst stage)
112
Define indirect contact
person tuches contaminated objects (formites) that have cysts endospres or worm ova
113
Define airborne transmission
person inhales aerosolized particles usually resulting in respiratory infections and usully assoctaed with viruses b/c of their small size
114
How is food/water contaminated
during processing or handing cross contamination (using poultry knife to cut veggies) or poor sewage processing
115
Define vector
animal or organism that passes pathogen to hoast
116
Define and list steps for mechanical vector
passes pathogen on body (rates mice or flies)
1. Fly picks up pathogen from fecal matter 2. Fly transfers pathogen to food by landing on it
3. Person eats contaminated food and gets sick
117
Define and list steps for biological vector,
pass inside body (mosquito)
1. Infected mosquito bites uninfected person
2. Infection spreads throgh body
3. Second sosquito bites infected person
118
Pathogens enter through hoast via, normal activities (breathing eating drinking sex)
Identify all portals of entry, see picture
, see picture
119
Why are fimbre and viral spikes important
allows microbe to overcome natural negative repulse forces
120
Some bacteria can induce _____ cells to act as ___
non-phagocyte phagocytes (usully happens in small intestine)
121
How do capsule prevent phagocytosis
prevent binding to microbe or inhibit reconition of pathogen
122
How does enzymes and toxins damage tissues
degrade ocnnection between tissue cells membranes or disrupt normal cell processes
123
How does host defense-induced damage work
misdirected or excessive activation of immune response can harm healthy tieesue
124
How can epigenetic changes harm host
alter inactivate or activate DNA
125
What enzyme destroys cell membranes
phospholipase
126
What enzyme disrupts tissue
hyaluronidase
127
What enzyme induces clotting,
coagulase
128
129
What enzyme digests immune proteins
peptidae/protease
130
Identify properties of exotoxins
source: gram + / - / location in bacterium: sythesized for active secretion from live cells / effect on hoast specific damage to cells / heat stability: heat-sensitive / toxicity: potent in small amounts
131
Identify properties of endotoxins
source: gram - / location in bacterium: embedded in cell wall and reseased when die / effect on host: general response (curculatory shock or coagulation) / heat stable / toxicity: large amounts cause septic shock
132
What is the effect of cxytotoxins
damage cells and cell membrane
133
What type of toxin is dputheris
cytotoxin
134
What type of toxin is anthrax
xytotoxin
135
What type of toxin is pertussis
cytotoxin
136
What type of toxin is strep throat
cytotoxin
137
What type of toxin is botulsm
neurotoxin
138
What type of toxin is tetanus
neurotoxin
139
What type of toxin is traverler’s diarrhea
enterotoxin
140
What type of toxin is cholera
enterotoxin
141
What type of toxin is toxic shock (Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes)
superantigens
142
What is the effect of neurotoxins.
Disrupt nervous activity
143
What is the effect of enterotoxins.
Affect GI tract
144
What is the effect of superantigens,
trigger excessive T-cell response
145
identify portals of exit,
see picture
146
147
What microbes are toughest outside of host
Endospores / Acid-fast Mycobacterium > Gram+/- > Gram– bacteria / Protozoal cysts > protozoal trophozoites / Roundworms > flatworms / Encysted ova and larvae > adult worms
bio 150
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