1
Q
What is Change and change rates?
A
Social change is transformations in the beliefs, social interactions, practices, organization and structures of society. These changes occur over time; some changes happen slowly, while others are quick.
- can happen quickly due to crisis
2
Q
What is Macrosociology?
A
groups, social systems and social structures being analysed
3
Q
What is Confirmation Bias?
A
people favouring information that confirms their beliefs about an issue.
4
Q
What is conformity and the types?
A
- the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, etc. to what people in a society deem as normal
- Informational conformity: when you conform because the group convinces you they are right
- Normative conformity: when you conform in fear of the groups disapproval if you deviate
5
Q
What is alienation?
A
Distance of people from each other, from what they find meaningful or from sense of self
6
Q
What is a collectivist society?
A
society is valuing community goals over personal freedom. Value conformity, cooperation, and uniformity
7
Q
What is an individualist society?
A
society is valuing personal rights and freedom over the community goals. Creating distinction between personal rights and community goals. more accepting to change
8
Q
What is ethnocentrism?
A
belief that one’s own culture, nation or ethic group is superior
9
Q
What is intercultural contact?
A
exchanges between cultures. high contact means more exchanges. (contact can be through war, trades, history, etc.)
10
Q
What is a paradigm shift?
A
Fundamental change in approach/assumption occurring when usual ideas are replaced by new ideas
11
Q
What is structural functionalism?
A
sociological theory focusing on the importance of social structures and how social institutions explain why society functions the way it does
12
Q
What is Psychoanalytic theory?
A
examines the belief that the mind is divided into two parts: the conscious and unconscious mind
- argues that our unconscious mind has more influence in our behaviour
13
Q
What is cultural materialism?
A
explains cultural phenomena by prioritizing material, especially economic and technological, factors as the primary drivers of society and culture
14
Q
What is the learning theory
A
learning can alter one interpretation of life, leading to behavioural changes
15
Q
What is behaviourism?
A
behavioural modification to create change
16
Q
What is Marxism?
A
economic power and material wealth create natural competition
17
Q
What is conflict theory and how it relates to feminism and queer theory?
A
looks at how people with and without power are treated by structures in society
- social feminist believe capitalism is the root of male and female power struggle
- Queer theory examines the socially constructed nature of identity
18
Q
What would anthropology describe sources of change to be?
A
- change through inventions, discovery and diffusion (spreading ideas)
- looking at what culture is made up of (physical environment, level of tech, social institutions, and systems of symbols)
19
Q
What would psychology describe sources of change to be?
A
- cognitive consistency: having ideas that align with each other
- cognitive dissonance: discomfort from holding conflicting cognitions leading to increased dissonance
- wonder if its necessary to change ones attitude before behaviour can change
20
Q
What would sociology describe sources of change to be?
A
- describe change being caused by decay, cycles of growth and decay, and progression
- believe that human behaviour can be predicted through learning human patterns
- look at aspects of change such as direction (positive/negative), rate, source (exo/endogenous) and controllability
- believe people act according to social norms
21
Q
What is exogenous and endogenous?
A
- exogenous: coming from another society
- endogenous: coming from within the society
22
Q
What is absolute poverty?
A
the deprivation of resources that are considered essential- enough food and fresh water, and a safe place to live
23
Q
What is Relative Poverty?
A
measuring the deprivation of some people against those who have more
24
Q
What is below the poverty line?
A
if you are spending more than 56% of your income on basic necessities than you are below the poverty line. lone parent households, unattached individuals, people over 65 are more likely to experience this.
25
What are some reasons for gender pay gap?
work experience, education, major of study, occupation, being promoted, bias in hiring and promotion, lack of access to affordable child care, etc
26
What is the Employment Equity Act?
it requires employers to engage in proactive employment practices to increase the representation of four designated groups: women, people with disabilities, Indigenous peoples, and visible minorities.
27
What is pluralism?
Pluralism: Widespread acceptance of differences in culture, religion, values and lifestyle
28
What is singularity?
Singularity: Believe that everyone should act and think the same way.
29
What is systemic discrimination?
a system exists that favours one or some groups over others in terms of hiring, benefits, promotions and pay increases. Usually racial minorities, Indigenous people, people with physical or mental disabilities, continue to encounter barriers
30
What are two other responsibilities of the Employment Equity Act?
- All employers at the federal level (armed forces, health care, postal service) must tackle systemic discrimination
- Equal pay for work of equal value: job classifications must be compared for the skills they require and the responsibilities they involve, their working conditions and the effort required, these must be paid at the same rates.
31
What is cognitive dissonance?
discomfort felt by holding two or more conflicting thoughts. To achieve cognitive consistency, attitudes must change.
32
What is inclusiveness?
all law abiding people, regardless of their particular background or circumstances, should be able to play a constructive role in the life of the nation
33
What is Dominant Paradigm?
favoured by many in business and industry, holds that humans have a duty to create material wealth to make this and future generations richer and a right to dominate, change or even corrupt the natural world in order to do so
34
What is Alternative Environmental Paradigm?
holds that society must place a higher importance on non-material values, encourage stronger communities built on better personal relationships and act with a greater respect for nature.
35
What is technology?
creation of tools or objects that both extend our natural abilities and alter our social environment
36
What is social change theory?
someone invents an item and a community accepts it. Society eventually changes to adapt to the item
37
What is technology determinism?
social change is initiated by technology and technology takes on a life of itself, forcing people to adjust their behaviour
38
What is future shock?
dizzying disorientation from premature arrival of the future
39
What is technosis?
feeling out of touch when we don't check out phones which causes phobias and addictions
40
What is the theory of cultural lag?
states that new technology follows these three stages: invention, discovery, and diffusion
- transition to accepting new technology can be hindered by people against change, causing cultural lag
41
What are the traditionalist (silent generation)?
- born between 1922-1945
- Loyal, Patriotic, Not wasteful. Faith in institutions,
- Resilience, Strong work ethic, Influenced post work economic prosperity
42
What are the Baby boomers?
- born between 1946-1964
- Progressive, Social Change, Protests, Increased Drug Use, Largely more educated.
- Created larger consumer market (money and career driven), Calling for non-involvement in war, Increased gay rights and other such issues
43
What is Generation X?
- born 1965-1980
- Skeptical, Concern about safety and security, Independent, Globally concerned
- Starting to focus more on work-life balance, Introducing technology and internet, First generation to grow up with personal computers
44
What is Generation Y?
- born 1981-1996
- Increased use of technology, Seen as modern, Highly independent
Desk Jobs
Social Conscience
- Involved in modernizing technology, Increased diversity and inclusivity, value life first work second
45
What are fertility rates?
ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area
46
What are replacement fertility rates?
average number of children that pregnant people of the same generation must have to result in another generation of the same size (replace themselves)
47
What is normative conformity?
acting within social norms
Change our attitudes and behaviours so people will like us
48
What is the strain theory?
According to Merton's strain theory, societal structures can pressure individuals into committing crimes.
49
What is a catalyst?
A person or event that quickly causes change or action
50
What is an anomie?
to be left behind in the wake of social change
51
What is the labelling theory?
Primary: episodes of deviant behaviour that most people participate in (underage drinking)
Secondary: when someone makes something out of that deviant behaviour and is given a negative social label
52
What is control theory?
Conformity to social norms depend on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society
If those bonds are weak or broken deviance occurs
53
What is Differential Association Theory?
emphasizes the role of primary groups and secondary groups in transmitting deviance. Individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with people who favour individuality over conformity
54
What is socio-economic status and its factors?
- Socio-economic status is the social standing or class of an individual or group, often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation.
- factors include income, education, employment, community safety, and social supports
55
What is credentialism?
Credentialism is excessive reliance on credentials, especially academic degrees, in determining hiring or promotion policies.
56
What is contagion theory?
when relieved of individual responsibility, people are irrationally
57
What is convergence theory?
people who want to act a certain way intentionally come together to form crowds
58
What is Subjective validity?
people believe/accept ideas when they have personal meaning/significant to them
59
What is a mob?
crowd easily persuaded to take agressive or violent action to gain attention
60
What is a riot?
Riots are like mobs but are less spontaneous and involve more people/ last longer
61
What is Emergent Norm Theory?
combination of contagion and convergence theory. combination of like-minded individuals, anonymity, and shared emotion that leads to crowd behaviour.
62
What is deindividuation theory?
when people aren't identified peronally, normal parameters that guide behaviour are not present (people feel less accountable)
63
What are the types of crowds?
- Casual crowds: not planned (people at a mall)
- Conventional crowds: planned with social norms (people at a concert)
- Expressive crowds: formed around an event with emotional appeal (new years eve)
- Acting crowds: members doing something that is directly related to their goal (protesters)
64
What is racism?
To distinguish a race as inferior or superior to another race or races.
65
What is prejudice?
Forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. (ideas in our heads)
66
What is discrimination?
The unfair treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, gender or sex. (actions)
67
What is systemic racism?
Discrimination based on a sense of racial superiority is a part of the philosophy and practices of a country, institution, or a whole society
68
What is a stereotype?
A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
69
What is genocide?
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
70
What is antisemitism?
Particular form of individual or systemic discrimination directed against Jewish people
71
What is ageism?
unfair treatment of people because of their age.
72
What is ableism?
unfair treatment of people because of their level of ability. Discrimination in favour of able bodied people.
73
What is trans misogyny?
the negative attitudes, expressed through cultural hate, individual and state violence, and discrimination directed toward trans women and trans and gender non-conforming people on the feminine end of the gender spectrum.
74
What are the causes of Prejudice connected to ignorance?
- Modelling/Socialization - We copy attitudes we see
- In-Groups and out-Groups – In-group we belong to, out-group we don't belong to
- Behavioural Conditioning - Bad behaviour rewarded
- Scapegoating - Redirect frustration onto something else
75
Causes of Prejudice connected to fear?
- Memory availability/stereotyping - remember vivid incidents and transfer impressions to an entire group of people
- Inferiority - If we feel inferior (less than), putting down another group helps us raise own self-image
76
What is privilege?
A social theory where special rights or advantages are available only to a particular person/group
77
What are microaggressions?
brief verbal, behavioural, or environmental treatments that communicate negative racial slights towards people of colour
78
What is a hate crime?
people being the target of violence solely because of who they are. Can be physical attacks, threats, verbal abuse and vandalism
79
What are the characteristics of hate crimes?
- intense and impersonal hatred
- Hatred based on prejudice and power
- Frustration centred hatred being directed at scapegoats
- Genocide is an example of national hatred
80
What is Cultural Appropriation?
- The act of taking or using things from a culture that is not your own, without showing that you respect the culture
- also refers to a power dynamic where members of a dominant culture take elements from a culture of people who have been systematically oppressed by that dominant group
81
What is Assimilation?
A process where members of an ethnic minority group lose cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant cultural group or take on the cultural characteristics of another group.
82
What is trafficking?
Trafficking is the forced labour of people taken out of their normal community and manipulated to be exploited.
83
How has globalization contributed to human trafficking?
Globalization has led to increased unemployment and low wages which leads to rise in completion amongst corporations for low prices which increases the demand for cheap child labour.
84
What are the different rights and charters we learned in class?
- The Ontario Human Rights Code (protects people from discrimination)
- The Ontario Environmental Bill of Rights (right to participate in certain government decisions affecting the environment)
- The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (limit government powers to protect the people of Canada)
- The Geneva Convention (Reduce suffering in war by creating international rules)
- The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (rights every child has and what governments must do to protect them)
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Fundamental human rights that are used universally)
85
What are the different types of literacy?
- Prose literacy: knowledge and skills needed to understand and use information from texts
- Document literacy: knowledge and skills required to locate and use information contained in various formats
- Quantitative literacy: knowledge and skills required to apply arithmetic operations to numbers embedded in printed materials
86
What is globalization and impacts?
- the coming together of organizations across the world to integrate the entire world into one economic system
- impacts: economic growth, diffusion of american culture, erosion of local cultures
87
What are the 6 types of exploitation learned and briefly explain.
1. Indian Act: erode indigenous identity by deciding if women were indigenous based on their marriage
2. Black Market: selling organs to avoid tax, puts a price on humans and treats them as less than
3. Child labour: doesn't protect children physical, emotional, and mental well being
4. Japanese Internment Camps: sold land they owned and treated them as less than
5. Expropriation of land: public agency takes private property for a purpose deemed to be in the public interest without consent
6. AI industry: subcontractors hire workers from less developed countries for cheap exploitative labour to run AI algorithms
Challenge and Change
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
