Exam 2a terms

Question 1

Arterial pressure

Answer 1

Force of blood pushing against artery walls.

Question 2

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Answer 2

Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle.

Question 3

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 3

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Question 4

Peripheral resistance (R)

Answer 4

resistance to blood flow by small arteries and arterioles

Question 5

Arterial baroreceptors

Answer 5

Stretch sensors in carotid sinus & aortic arch that detect BP changes.

Question 6

Baroreceptor reflex

Answer 6

Rapid reflex adjusting heart rate & vessel tone to stabilize BP.

Question 7

Chemoreceptors

Answer 7

Sensors in carotid & aortic bodies responding to oxygen, CO₂, and pH.

Question 8

Chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 8

Reflex adjusting breathing and BP based on blood gas changes.

Question 9

Atrial reflex (Bainbridge reflex)

Answer 9

Increased atrial stretch increases heart rate to handle venous return.

Question 10

Pulmonary artery reflexes

Answer 10

Reflexes that help control circulation by sensing pulmonary artery pressure.

Question 11

CNS ischemic response

Answer 11

Strong reflex raising BP when brain blood flow drops too low.

Question 12

Vasomotor center

Answer 12

Area in the medulla that regulates vessel diameter and BP.

Question 13

Vasomotor tone

Answer 13

Normal partial constriction of vessels from sympathetic activity.

Question 14

Sympathetic vasoconstrictor system

Answer 14

Nerve system narrowing vessels, raising BP.

Question 15

Sympathetic vasodilator system

Answer 15

Nerve system widening vessels in specific tissues like muscles.

Question 16

Parasympathetic effects

Answer 16

Slows the heart rate

Question 17

Mass action (vasomotor response)

Answer 17

Widespread sympathetic discharge causing BP rise.

Question 18

Hypothalamic defense pattern

Answer 18

“Fight or flight” response increasing heart rate & BP.

Question 19

Motor pattern stimulation

Answer 19

BP rises during skeletal muscle contraction.

Question 20

Vasovagal syncope

Answer 20

Fainting due to sudden vessel dilation & heart rate drop.

Question 21

Pressure diuresis

Answer 21

Kidneys excreting more water when BP increases.

Question 22

Pressure natriuresis

Answer 22

Kidneys excreting more salt when BP increases.

Question 23

Renal output curve

Answer 23

Graph showing kidney salt & water output vs. BP.

Question 24

Equilibrium point

Answer 24

BP where kidney output equals intake of water & salt.

Question 25

Autoregulation

Answer 25

Ability of tissues to keep blood flow steady despite pressure changes.

Question 26

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Answer 26

Overall resistance in systemic circulation.

Question 27

Vasoconstriction

Answer 27

Narrowing of blood vessels → BP increases.

Question 28

Vasodilation

Answer 28

Widening of blood vessels → BP decreases.

Question 29

High cardiac output failure

Answer 29

When blood flow is high but heart cannot keep up.

Question 30

Beriberi

Answer 30

Thiamine deficiency → less ATP → vessel dilation.

Question 31

A-V shunt

Answer 31

Abnormal artery-vein connection increasing blood flow.

Question 32

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

Overactive thyroid → higher metabolism → vessel dilation.

Question 33

Anemia

Answer 33

Low red blood cells → low oxygen → vessel dilation.

Question 34

Pulmonary disease

Answer 34

Low O₂/high CO₂ → local vasodilation.

Question 35

Paget’s disease

Answer 35

Increased bone turnover → increased blood flow to bone.

Question 36

Hypertension (HTN)

Answer 36

Chronically high blood pressure.

Question 37

Renal hypertension

Answer 37

High BP from kidney artery narrowing or kidney disease.

Question 38

Essential hypertension

Answer 38

High BP with no known cause.

Question 39

Renin

Answer 39

Kidney enzyme that increases BP via the renin-angiotensin system.

Question 40

Angiotensin II

Answer 40

Hormone that tightens vessels and raises BP.

Question 41

Aldosterone

Answer 41

Hormone that tells kidneys to retain salt & water → raises BP.

Question 42

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

Answer 42

Hormone from atria that lowers BP by excreting salt & water.

Question 43

BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide)

Answer 43

Hormone from ventricles that promotes salt & water loss.

Question 44

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 44

Adrenal tumor releasing excess adrenaline → high BP.

Question 45

Ischemia

Answer 45

Inadequate blood supply to tissues.

Question 46

Diuretics

Answer 46

Drugs increasing urine output → lower BP.

Question 47

Beta-blockers (β-blockers)

Answer 47

Drugs slowing heart rate & reducing heart workload.

Question 48

ACE inhibitors

Answer 48

Drugs blocking angiotensin II formation → lower BP.

Question 49

ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers)

Answer 49

Drugs preventing angiotensin II from tightening vessels.

Question 50

Renin inhibitors

Answer 50

Drugs blocking renin → lower angiotensin II & BP.

Question 51

Aldosterone blockers

Answer 51

Drugs preventing salt & water retention.

Question 52

Calcium channel blockers

Answer 52

Drugs relaxing vessels & reducing heart contraction force.

Question 53

Clonidine (α₂-agonist)

Answer 53

Drug reducing nerve signals that constrict vessels.

Question 54

Direct vasodilators

Answer 54

Drugs directly relaxing blood vessel walls.

Question 55

Salt-sensitive hypertension

Answer 55

High BP that worsens with extra salt intake.

Question 56

Biofeedback

Answer 56

Training to control body functions like lowering BP.

Question 57

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 57

Controls involuntary actions (heart rate, vessel tone).

Question 58

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 58

Forced exhalation against closed airway briefly changing BP and HR.

Question 59

Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP)

Answer 59

Average pressure in the system when blood flow stops — reflects blood volume and venous tone.

Question 60

Reactive hyperemia

Answer 60

Extra blood flow after temporary blockage.

Question 61

Active hyperemia

Answer 61

Increased blood flow during higher tissue activity.

Question 62

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

Answer 62

Drugs blocking receptors for angiotensin II to relax vessels.

Question 63

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Answer 63

Another term for ANP — helps eliminate salt and water.

Question 64

Pressure pulse

Answer 64

The wave of pressure created by heartbeat traveling along arteries.

Question 65

Pulse pressure

Answer 65

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

Question 66

Compliance (of arteries)

Answer 66

How easily arteries stretch with pressure.

Question 67

varicose veins

Answer 67

Valves in the veins fail to work and blood is pushed backwards

Question 68

phebitis

Answer 68

vein inflammation

Question 69

vessel compliance

Answer 69

how much can vessels hold