define homeostasis
A. The regulation of the internal environment to maintain stability within narrow limits
B. The adjustment of the external environment to suit an organism’s needs
C. The ability to adapt to changes in the external environment over time
D. The continuous process of changing internal conditions to respond to external stimuli
a
How is the negative feedback of stress induced?
Pressure sensitive cells in the large arterioles trigger the brain for the arterioles reduce blood pressure
Heart is also triggered to reduce heart rate
How is the negative feedback stress that increases blood sugar induced?
Cells that are full of glucose reduce blood sugar by not taking up glucose and this is sensed by the pancreatic cells
Name one process in the body that can lead to an acidic product.
🧶producing urination
🧶catabolism or breakdown of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
High amounts of calcium in the blood can lead to what?
It can prevent sodium from entering nerves and muscles
How can increased acid amount in the blood affect the brain?
It is hard on the heart’s pumping ability so less blood is reaching the brain
How can acidosis depress neuron excitability ?
🧶Increased hydrogen ions in the blood remove calcium of the plasma proteins
🧶Calcium prevents sodium from entering nerves and muscles, reducing action potentials
Kidney failure causes _________?
Acidotic coma
What causes Diabetic Coma?
diabetic ketoacidosis
Hepatic shutdown can lead to what?
Liver failure causes detoxins in the body to be not cleared, which increases the acidic level of the blood
cardiac decompensation meaning
Heart is not pumping blood properly
what happens in lactic acidosis
Cardiac decompensation or hepatic shutdown
Symptoms alkalosis:
Nerves
Muscles
Heartbeat
breathing
Hyper excitability of nerves and muscles which leads to cramping
Heart arrhythmias, seizures,
Hyperventilation at high altitude (too much O2, too much CO2)
Panic hyperventilation
What causes Addison’s disease?
Imbalance of electrolytic levels
Hypoadrenalism
Role of aldosterone
reduce K in body
keep Na in body
Which hormones are affected in hypoadrenalism?
low aldosterone
low cortisol
A patient in the ER is suffering from circulatory shock.
Which kidney hormone could have reduced the amount of water in the system?
Low aldosterone levels reduce sodium
Hypocalcemic tetany
Muscle twitching or spasms due to low calcium
PTH effect on Ca
maintains by preventing Ca level drop
A patient is having muscle spasms because of spontaneous action potential in nerves and muscles.
What blood work can reveal the cause?
Reduced calcium levels in blood
A patient had his thyroid glands removed and is now experiencing muscle spasms.
Which nutritional supplement should be given?
Ca
How many osmolar solutions is calcium chloride?
CaCl2 = 3
defined osmolarity
A. A measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and its ability to exert osmotic pressure
B. The total volume of water that moves through a semi-permeable membrane
C. The description of the movement of water in the presence of a semi-permeable membrane and an impermeable solute
D. The process of active transport across a semi-permeable membrane in a solution
c
what moves in osmolarity ?
water
