Final Ques

Question 1

What happens to the blood flow in Beri Beri

Answer 1

inc

Question 2

What happens to the cardiac output in beri beri

Answer 2

high

Question 3

Is tetrodoxin a stimulant?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

where is tetrodoxin found

Answer 4

puffer fish

Question 5

What kind of ion does tetradioxin affect?
how

Answer 5

Na
It blocks voltage gated sodium channels
AP prevented

Question 6

A man has iron deficiency anemia. Is he going through Vasodilation or Construction?
Cardiac output?
Heartbeat?
effect on muscles?
Effect on brain?

Answer 6

vasodilation
High cardiac output
High heartbeat
Muscles are weak
brain causes dizziness irritability

Question 7

Is the neuromuscular junction at the Electrical or chemical excitable

Answer 7

Electrically

Question 8

What happens in a transmuting myocardial infarction?
Where does the infection occur

Answer 8

It occurs through the full thickness of the ventricular wall

Question 9

Solutions placed in compartments X and Y. An electrode in X records a positive potential. The membrane is most permeable to

Answer 9

K

Question 10

In most excitable cells, after one complete action potential, to get another AP it is necessary to remove which ion

Answer 10

Na

Question 11

In the cardiac ventricular action potential, the plateau phase (phase 2) consists mainly of which ion effects?
* A. Sodium currents
* B. Potassium currents
* C. Calcium currents (and balance with K)
* D. Chloride currents

Answer 11

c

Question 12

In the cardiac cycle, what causes the increase in LV volume during period “6”?

Answer 12

Rapid ventricular filling

Question 13

In figure 9.7, showing changes in left interventricular volume and pressure, what
ends at phase 1 in a normal cardiac cycle?

Answer 13

mitral valve closure

Question 14

What does digoxin do?

Answer 14

inc heart rate
Ca accumulates in cells

Question 15

digoxin effect on which pump

Answer 15

Na/K ATPase pump

Question 16

What does steady hyperkalemia cause in the heart?

Answer 16

Inactivates menu the fast sodium channels

Question 17

Which is characteristic of Mobitz–Wenckebach (Wenckebach) type AV block?

Answer 17

Progressive lengthening of PR interval followed by dropped QRS

Question 18

Which statement regarding effects on blood dynamics is correct? (Options given
orally)
A. Vasodilation of arterioles increases local peripheral resistance
B. An increase in diastolic volume decreases cardiac output
C. Increased filtered volume decreases cardiac output
D. Vasoconstriction of veins increases venous return

Answer 18

d

Question 19

Assume immediate, non-reflex effects only: Mean circulatory filling pressure
would be increased by:

Answer 19

Infusion of norepinephrine

Question 20

(Egina case 5-2) Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a small interventricular chamber is commonly found in:
* A. Sinus tachycardia
* B. Weightlifters
* C. Endurance athletes
* D. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Answer 20

d

Question 21

Does acidosis increase nervous system excitability?

Answer 21

no
It does not stimulate cells

Question 22

In Addison’s disease, which of the following is most likely? (Instructor prompt on
sodium/aldosterone)
* A. Hypernatremia
* B. Hyponatremia (loss of sodium)
* C. Increased aldosterone
* D. Fluid retention

Answer 22

b

Question 23

Parathyroid ectopy — what can it cause?
* A. Hyperparathyroidism (↑ blood Ca²⁺)
* B. Hypoparathyroidism (↓ blood Ca²⁺)
* C. Thyroid hyperfunction
* D. (other)

Answer 23

Hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
Muscles cannot contract
b

Question 24

When energy demand occurs in absence of oxygen and/or glucose, does cooling
the body in surgery until energy can be restored generally cause more damage?
* A. Yes, causes more damage
* B. No, cooling is protective/less damage
* C. Depends on duration

Answer 24

b
Cooling is protective And causes less damage

Question 25

If conductance to calcium is increased so it moved across the cell membrane. The membrane potential would be

Answer 25

depolarized

Question 26

One requirement for current flow of an ion across a membrane is: * A. Membrane potential = E_ion * B. G_ion = 0 * C. All channels to that ion are closed * D. A difference exists between membrane potential and equilibrium potential for the ion

Answer 26

d

Question 27

Conduction velocity along an axon increases with: (options read in audio) * A. Multiple sclerosis * B. Decreased axon diameter * C. Naked unmyelinated axon membrane * D. Increased intermembrane distance

Answer 27

d

Question 28

Comparing skeletal, cardiac ventricular, and smooth muscle: which has the shortest action potential, is striated, and needs the nerve? * A. Skeletal muscle * B. Cardiac ventricular muscle * C. Smooth muscle

Answer 28

skeletal muscles

Question 29

Which of the following is most likely to enhance transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction? * A. Curare * B. Botulinum toxin * C. Myasthenia gravis * D. Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Answer 29

d

Question 30

What allows tetanic contraction in skeletal muscle but not in ventricular cardiac muscle? * A. Shorter refractory period in skeletal muscle/ability to summate * B. Longer refractory period in skeletal muscle * C. Cardiac muscle lacks calcium

Answer 30

a

Question 31

Continuous high levels of insulin (from hyperinsulinemia) should be expected to: * A. Upregulate insulin receptors * B. Downregulate insulin receptors

Answer 31

b

Question 32

Steady high levels of cortisol cause what? Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia

Answer 32

Hyperglycemia because cortisol is stress hormone so it provides glucose through tissues

Question 33

From Fick's law of diffusion, which is directly (not inversely) proportional to flux? * A. Concentration difference from point A to B * B. Size of particle moving * C. Viscosity of the medium * D. Thickness of the membrane

Answer 33

a

Question 34

What is the normal mean arterial pressure

Answer 34

70-100 mmHg

Question 35

The normal delay of transmission at the AV node is partly because the cells: * A. Are large and slow conducting * B. Have many gap junctions * C. Depend on fast sodium channels * D. Have resting potentials close to threshold so many voltage-sensitive sodium channels

Answer 35

d

Question 36

In the cardiac cycle, opening of the aortic and pulmonic valves occurs closest to the time of: * A. Beginning of ventricular diastole * B. Period of rapid ejection * C. Ventricular filling * D. Isovolumetric relaxation

Answer 36

b

Question 37

Consider normal cells: which of the following electrolytes will move from out→in when channels are open down its concentration gradient? (examples given) * A. Magnesium: out → in * B. Calcium: in → out * C. Chloride: out → in * D. Potassium: out → in

Answer 37

c

Question 38

Which muscle has the least glycolytic enzymes, the most extensive blood supply, most mitochondria, smallest nerve and smallest muscle fibers? * A. Ocular muscle * B. Gastrocnemius * C. Soleus

Answer 38

c soleus

Question 39

formula of HR from graph

Answer 39

HR = 300 / Number of large squares between R and R

Question 40

Regarding smooth muscle: which statement is true? * A. Visceral type has gap junctions between cells * B. In arterioles is normally completely relaxed * C. Uses more energy to maintain contraction than skeletal muscle * D. Calcium binds to troponin instead of calmodulin

Answer 40

a

Question 41

According to Pascal's law, flow from point 1 to point 2 is directly proportional to: * A. Viscosity of material * B. Resistance to flow * C. Molecular weight of material * D. Pressure difference between the two points

Answer 41

d

Question 42

Pulse pressure is greatest with which condition? * A. Aortic regurgitation * B. Smaller stroke volume * C. Acute hemorrhage * D. Decreased systolic pressure

Answer 42

a

Question 43

Right atrial pressure is most likely to be increased by: * A. Increased blood volume * B. Renal dilation * C. Hemorrhage * D. Vigorous pumping of the heart

Answer 43

a

Question 44

Absolute refractory period in a normal plasma membrane is characterized by: * A. Mainly caused by increased K⁺ permeability * B. During this period a greater-than-normal stimulus is needed * C. Mainly due to hyperpolarization at end of AP * D. During part of this period sodium channels are inactivated

Answer 44

d

Question 45

What is the result of no Vagal stimulation (outflow) to the heart

Answer 45

Rise in heart rate and cardiac output

Question 46

What is the effect of vagus nerve on the heart

Answer 46

It reduces heart contraction and heart rate

Question 47

Figure showing active tension curve in skeletal muscle: the region shorter than optimal sarcomere length is labeled as:

Answer 47

The ascending limb

Question 48

what accounts for plateauing part of curve by increasing arterial pressure on blood flow through muscle

Answer 48

Myogenic auto regulation Arterioles constrict to keep the blood flow constant so even if the pressure rises the flow stops increasing and stays constant which makes the curve plateau

Question 49

Based on class discussion, an infarcted area in the acute phase of MI is most likely to register on the ECG as: * A. Significant Q wave * B. ST depression * C. T wave inversion * D. PR segment elevation

Answer 49

a

Question 50

46. Egina case 1 — autonomic responses to hemorrhage (13-year-old Anya with ruptured spleen): which is characteristic? * A. Excess urine production * B. (other) * C. Feeling bloated/nauseated * D. Strong rapid pulse

Answer 50

d Patient turns pale and cold due to blood loss

Question 51

47. Skeletal muscle fibrillation occurs when: * A. An abnormal impulse from the alpha motor neuron stimulates one muscle cell at a time * B. An abnormal impulse from the alpha motor neuron stimulates all fibers in the motor unit * C. The alpha motor neuron is no longer functional and individual muscle fibers cause fibrillation * D. Individual muscle fibers produce impulses due to denervation hypersensitivity

Answer 51

d

Question 52

How do individual muscles contract after getting denervated?

Answer 52

They contract independently leading to muscle fibrillation

Question 53

49. Example of feedforward control: which is feedforward? * A. Before exercising, sympathetic activity decreases heart rate/force/vasoconstriction * B. Hemorrhage reduces cardiac output and further reduces venous return (positive feedback) * C. As you begin exercising, motor cortex signals respiratory center to increase breathing in anticipation

Answer 53

c

Question 54

52. Compared to slow skeletal muscle, fast skeletal muscle tends to have: * A. More myoglobin * B. Less extensive blood supply * C. More mitochondria * D. Redder fibers

Answer 54

b

Question 55

what Can high potassium supplements lead to in the body

Answer 55

atrial action potential

Question 56

What happens during phase zero of action potential in cardiac muscle? How is the curve?

Answer 56

Sodium channel is open and sodium influx happening Straight line of curve rising up

Question 57

What happened during phase 1 of AP in cardiac muscle? How is the curve?

Answer 57

Sodium channel is closed and potassium is flowing out Curve drops a little from its peak

Question 58

What happened during phase 2 of AP in cardiac muscle? How is the curve?

Answer 58

Calcium influx potassium flowing out Plateau With almost straight line

Question 59

What happened during phase 3 of AP in cardiac muscle? How is the curve?

Answer 59

Cal channel blocked K flowing; cells is relaxing Straight line drop

Question 60

What happened during phase 4 of AP in cardiac muscle? How is the curve?

Answer 60

Rest in phase; 3 Na out, 2 K in Straight line on 0