Exam 4 (Part 6) Learning

Question 1

Association learning theories

Answer 1

• people learn by making connections or bonds

Question 2

2 theories of association learning

Answer 2

classical and operant

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

• making an association between two stimuli (pairing them)

Question 4

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response in an organism

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 5

• unlearned stimulus
• a stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (UCR) without prior learning (conditioning)

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

• Unlearned (not learned) response
• A reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

• Learned stimulus
• A previously neutral stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

• Learned response
• A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

• period in which a response is being learned
• measured in trials

Question 10

Trial

Answer 10

every time the NS and the UCS are presented together

Question 11

Temporal pairings

Answer 11

1) Forward conditioning
- short delay/ trace
2) Simultaneous conditioning
3) Backward conditioning

Question 12

Short-Delay

Answer 12

• Present the NS
• NS still present
• Present the UCS

Question 13

Trace

Answer 13

• Present the NS and remove it
• wait 1-2 seconds and present the UCS

Question 14

Simultaneous

Answer 14

• Present the NS and the UCS at the same time
• Simultaneously/together

Question 15

Backwards

Answer 15

• Present the UCS
• then present the NS

Question 16

Extinction

Answer 16

a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear

Question 17

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 17

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials

Question 18

Stimulus generalization

Answer 18

Any stimuli similar to the initial CS will elicit a CR

Question 19

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 19

a CR occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not in the present of others (other stimuli)

Question 20

Higher-order

Answer 20

• occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an established CS (not an UCS)
• produces a CR that is weaker and extinguishes more rapidly than the original CR

Question 21

Classical conditioning applications

Answer 21

• acquire fear
• overcome fears (phobias)

Question 22

John Watson

Answer 22

• Founder of behaviorism
• little Albert (demonstrated that classical conditioning could be used to create a phobia.)

Question 23

Mary Cover Jones

Answer 23

• Peter experiment
• Deconditioning
• Therapies (treating fears/phobias)

Question 24

Types of therapy for treating fears/phobias

Answer 24

• Exposure
• Systematic desensitization

Question 25

Instrumental and Operant conditioning

Answer 25

- Behavior is controlled by its consequences - Association between response and consequences