Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

power to recall that which has been learned

Question 2

3 stages of memory

Answer 2

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

put info into the memory system (5 senses)

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

keeping info in the memory system (capacity)

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

recalling info from memory system

Question 6

Capacity

Answer 6

how much info can you keep

Question 7

Duration

Answer 7

how long can info stay

Question 8

2 processes

Answer 8

recall and recognition

Question 9

Recall

Answer 9

pulling info without very much help (short answer)

Question 10

Recognition

Answer 10

pulling info with help (multiple choice)

Question 11

Encoding (sensory)

Answer 11

echoes- sounds like
icons- looks like

Question 13

Storage (sensory)

Answer 13

• capacity: moderate amount
• duration:1 to 2 seconds

Question 14

Retrieval (sensory)

Answer 14

decay/fading theory (use or lose)

Question 15

Encoding (STM)

Answer 15

• visual coding (looks like)
• acoustic coding (sounds like)
  (acoustic dominates/ visual fades)

Question 16

Storage (STM)

Answer 16

• a limited amount of info (can’t hold a lot)
• capacity: 7 plus or minus 2 items
• duration: limited to 15-20 seconds

Question 17

Retrieval (STM)

Answer 17

• Decaying/ Fading theory (use it or lose it)

Question 18

Encoding (LTM) 2 parts

Answer 18

Declarative and Non-declarative

Question 19

Declarative

Answer 19

• Rules, facts, generalizations
• Semantic and episodic
• More verbal

Question 20

Semantic

Answer 20

dictionary type info

Question 21

Episodic

Answer 21

diary type info

Question 22

Non-Declarative

Answer 22

• nonverbal
• procedural memory (how to do something)

Question 23

Storage (LTM)

Answer 23

• capacity: unlimited
• duration: unlimited

Question 24

Retrieval (LTM)

Answer 24

the connection between storage and retrieval

Question 25

Cognitive process

Answer 25

strategy used to transfer information to the next memory system to be processed further

Question 26

Selective attention

Answer 26

- focus on information - concentrate on information

Question 27

Short term memory

Answer 27

storage place that holds information for a short amount of time

Question 28

Working memory

Answer 28

allows us to mentally work with or manipulate information being held in STM

Question 29

STM chunking

Answer 29

larger, meaningful, groupings of info

Question 30

STM automaticity

Answer 30

knowing info so well it becomes automatic

Question 31

2 parts of Rehearsal

Answer 31

Rote/Maintenance and Elaborative

Question 32

Rote/Maintenance

Answer 32

repeating info as given

Question 33

Elaborative

Answer 33

- give it meaning and then repeating - relate to something in LTM

Question 34

Decay/Fading theory

Answer 34

- use it or lose it - especially likely in sensory registers and short term memory

Question 35

Encoding (LTM)

Answer 35

- surface coding: 5 basic senses a) structural - looks like b) phonological - sounds like - deep coding: semantic coding (meaning)

Question 36

Motivated forgetting

Answer 36

- forget because it is too painful to remember - repression (Freudian) - psychogenic amnesia

Question 37

Interference/ Inhibition

Answer 37

- information is being blocked - 2 parts: Retroactive and Proactive

Question 38

Retroactive Inhibition

Answer 38

- newly learned information blocks the recall of earlier learned information - old information replaced/ blocked because of newer information

Question 39

Proactive Inhibition

Answer 39

- earlier learned information blocked the recall of newly learned info

Question 40

Brain damage

Answer 40

physiological based amnesia

Question 41

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 41

- loss of memory for any events that occur after a brain injury - can't form new memory

Question 42

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 42

- loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury - loses days, months, and years before an injury - most victims of retrograde gradually recover their memories

Question 43

Retrieval theory

Answer 43

- lack of retrieval cues - failure to recall because of encoding failure - didn't put enough information in your system

Question 44

mnemonic devices

Answer 44

- methods for organizing information in order to remember it - usually some type of imagery

Question 45

Method of Loci

Answer 45

associates images with places you know

Question 46

Acronyms

Answer 46

HOMES- as in Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

Question 47

Rhyming

Answer 47

I before E except after C

Question 48

Conditions are the same

Answer 48

- context-dependent memory: *external environment * memories are helped or hindered by similarities or differences in the environmental context - state-dependent memory: * internal state * looks at how we are feeling when the information is learned * two should match

Question 49

Keywords

Answer 49

- helpful in learning foreign language - pato / patio

Question 50

Distributed vs Massed practice

Answer 50

- engage in distributed practice: break information into smaller study sessions - engage in massed practice: learning information in a single long study period

Question 51

Cerebral cortex

Answer 51

Semantic memory

Question 52

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 52

episodic memory

Question 53

Hippocampus (consolidation)

Answer 53

new memory

Question 54

Cerebellum

Answer 54

procedural memory