Exam Chapter 3

Question 1

Answer 1

A) Trachea
B) Lungs
C) Diaphragm

Question 2

What do the paired lungs share?

Answer 2

• thoracic cavity
• heart
• great blood vessels
• esophagus
• other organs

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a hinge joint:
1: movement in how many planes?
2: which types of movement?

Answer 3

• movement in one plane
• flexion and extension

Question 4

What are the characteristics (2) of a gliding joint?

Hint 1: movement.
Hint 2: surfaces.

Answer 4

• limited movement around an axis
• articular surfaces are very smooth

Question 5

What are the characteristics (2) of a saddle joint?

What are the movements?

Answer 5

• movement in two planes
• “horse and rider” articular configuration
• flexion, adduction, limited extension and abduction

Question 6

Give 3 examples of gliding joints

Answer 6

• carpals
• acromion (where clavicle meets scapula)
• sterno-clavicular joints

Question 7

What is the action and joint for the Latissimus Dorsi?

Answer 7

Joint: Shoulder

Actions:
- Adduction
- Extension
- Medial rotation
- horizontal abduction

Question 8

Which muscle performs elevation of the scapula from the shoulder?

Answer 8

Levator Scapulae

Question 9

What is the action for the upper trapezius?

Answer 9

The elevation of the scapula

Question 10

What are the actions for the middle trapezius?

Answer 10

• Scapular Adduction (retraction)

(The book also says Elevation (Upward rotation of scapula) but I’m pretty sure that’s wrong)

Question 11

What are the actions for the lower trapezius?

Answer 11

• Depression
• Upward rotation of scapula

Question 12

What is the action and joint for the Serratus Anterior?

And what does it cause the scapulae to do?

Answer 12

Joint: Shoulder

Actions:
- Abduction
- Upward rotation of scapula (protraction)

Question 13

1. In anaerobic glycolysis, what happens to pyruvate when oxygen is limited?
2. And what does that do?

Answer 13

1. It is temporarily converted into lactate
2. allowing glucose breakdown and energy production to continue.

Question 14

What are the primary energy sources for aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 14

Glucose, glycogen, and free fatty acids.

Question 15

What does fatty acid oxidation provide energy for, and which fuels does it use?

Answer 15

Longer duration cardiovascular activities; it uses glucose and fatty acids.

Question 16

What is the action and joint for the Psoas Major and Minor?

Answer 16

• Hip Flexion
• Assists in lateral rotation of the hip

Joints: Hip and L1, L5

Question 17

What is the action and joint for the Pectineus?

Answer 17

• Hip Adduction
• Hip Flexion (M&M says assists in)

(Book also says “Assists in lateral hip rotation” but I’m pretty sure that’s an error)

Question 18

What is the action and joint for the Adductor Brevis?

Answer 18

• Hip Adduction
• Medial hip rotation (book says assists with)
• Assists with hip flexion

Question 19

What is the action and joint for the Gracilis?

Answer 19

• Hip Adduction
• Knee Flexion

Question 20

Answer 20

Transverse Abdominis

Question 21

Answer 21

A) Sartorius
B) Gracilis
C) Gluteus medius
D) Gluteus maximus

Question 22

Answer 22

A) Gastrocnemius
B) Soleus
C) Tibialis anterior

Question 23

How much does the heart weigh?

Answer 23

between 250 and 350 grams

Question 24

What are 5 factors that affect venous return?

Answer 24

• muscle contraction
• sympathetic activation of veins
• respiratory activity
• compression of vena cava
• gravity

Question 25

*Gravitational forces can significantly affect what 4 things?

Answer 25

- venous return - cardiac output - arterial pressure - venous pressure

Question 26

*How does gravity affect venous return if someone suddently stands up from a supine position? Gravity acts on the ______ by creating an accumulation of blood in the feet and lower limbs. This shift in blood volume decreases _______, and can cause a ____ in arterial blood pressure.

Answer 26

- vascular volume - thoracic venous blood volume - drop

Question 27

Which perform flexion?

Answer 27

- Pectineus - Adductor Brevis (assists with) - Adductor Longus (assists with)

Question 28

Which perform medial rotation?

Answer 28

- Adductor Magnus - Adductor Longus (book says assists with) - Adductor Brevis (book says assists with)