3. Clinical Skill 2: PDx > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asthenopia?

A

Collection of symptoms including eye fatigue, weakness, pain, headache, dim vision, and lacrimation

Often referred to as ‘eyestrain headache’.

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2
Q

What are common causes of asthenopia?

A
  • Prolonged periods of intense focusing
  • Binocular vision disorders
  • Refractive errors

These factors can lead to eye fatigue and discomfort.

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3
Q

What are floaters in vision?

A

Floating debris that may drift in and out of the field of vision, usually harmless

May indicate retinal traction if recent or severe.

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4
Q

Define diplopia.

A

Double vision occurring with the loss of eye muscle balance or function

Can be caused by diabetic neuropathy, myasthenia gravis, or thyroid disorders.

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5
Q

What is photophobia?

A

Aversion to light

May be caused by systemic infections or migraines.

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6
Q

What is nyctalopia?

A

Inability to see well at night or in poor light

A symptom of underlying diseases such as cataracts or jaundice.

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7
Q

What does a yellowish tinge of the sclera indicate?

A

It may indicate liver or gallbladder disease leading to high levels of bilirubin

Overall skin color may also appear yellowish.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of a fundoscopic exam?

A

To inspect the retina and assess eye health

The Panoptic is easier to use and provides a better field view compared to traditional ophthalmoscopes.

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9
Q

What is the PERRLA test?

A

Pupils Equal and Round/React to Light/Accommodation

Tests pupillary response and accommodation ability.

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10
Q

What does the corneal light reflection test assess?

A

Eye alignment and muscle balance

Abnormal results may indicate misalignment of the eyes.

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11
Q

What does the H pattern of gaze test evaluate?

A

The six cardinal fields of gaze and checks for lid lag

Assesses cranial nerves III, V, and VI.

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12
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Drooping of the eyelid

Can be caused by Horner’s syndrome, myasthenia gravis, or fatigue.

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13
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Eyelash turns outward due to tarsal plate eversion

Commonly seen in the elderly.

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14
Q

What is entropion?

A

Eyelash turns inward due to tarsal plate inversion

Also commonly seen in the elderly.

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15
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflammation of the eyelid and eyelash follicles

Symptoms include gritty sensation, burning, itching, and redness.

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16
Q

What is a chalazion?

A

A cyst or fibrotic reaction in a Meibomian gland that is normally painless

Causes a lump in the eyelid.

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17
Q

What are xanthelasma?

A

Yellowish plaques commonly found in the inner canthus area

May be associated with high cholesterol or triglycerides.

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18
Q

What is the significance of the red reflex in a fundoscopic exam?

A

Reddish-orange reflection of light from the retina

Indicates good alignment; any obstruction may interrupt this light.

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19
Q

Define visual acuity.

A

The clarity or sharpness of vision, often measured using the Snellen eye chart

Normal acuity is 20/20.

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20
Q

What do the numbers in visual acuity (e.g., 20/100) represent?

A

The distance at which a person with normal vision can read a line on the chart

20/100 means one must be at 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 100 feet.

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21
Q

What is the primary function of the optic disc?

A

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; contains no rods or cones, creating a blind spot

Important for assessing eye health in fundoscopic examinations.

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22
Q

What is Xanthelasma?

A

Yellowish plaques common in inner canthus area

May be associated with high cholesterol or triglycerides

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of Xanthelasma?

A

Lipid deposition about the eye
* Can be one side or both
* Can be soft, semisolid, or solid
* Can progress, coalesce, become permanent

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24
Q

Define Periorbital Edema

A

Swelling around the eyes and eyelids

Causes include hypothyroidism and allergies

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25
What are common causes of swollen eyelids?
Allergy, trauma, renal disease ## Footnote Ask/observe for ankle edema
26
What is conjunctivitis?
Conjunctival irritation and/or inflammation ## Footnote Can be infected and may be contagious
27
List symptoms of conjunctivitis.
* Redness * Itching * Tearing * Possible discharge
28
What are the causes of conjunctivitis?
* Bacterial infection * Viral infection * Allergic reactions * Irritants
29
What is Episcleritis?
Inflammation of the sclera with dilated scleral vessels ## Footnote Causes include unknown factors, herpes zoster, RA, Sjogren syndrome
30
How does Episcleritis differ from conjunctivitis?
No discharge, less lacrimation, limited area
31
Define Subconjunctival Hemorrhage.
Hemorrhaging of the small blood vessels of the eye ## Footnote May be brought on by cough, sneeze, or local trauma
32
What is a Corneal Abrasion?
A scratch on the clear, protective cornea ## Footnote Causes eye pain, tearing, redness, sensitivity to light
33
What are the signs/symptoms of a Corneal Abrasion?
* Grit or sand feeling * Eye pain with opening/closing eye * Tearing * Redness * Sensitivity to light * Blurred vision
34
What does a normal pupil look like?
Round, symmetrical ## Footnote Size is influenced by autonomic nerves
35
Define Anisocoria.
Unequal pupils defined as a difference of .4mm< ## Footnote Caused by autonomic problems, medication, increased intracranial pressure, CN 3 disorder
36
What is Ocular hypertelorism?
Eyes are farther apart than normal ## Footnote Can occur during prenatal development when the face is forming
37
What is Strabismus?
Misalignment where eyes do not look in the same place at the same time ## Footnote Eye may turn in, out, up, or down
38
Define Amblyopia.
Lack of development of visual acuity ## Footnote Commonly caused by strabismus
39
What is Hypotropia?
Eye turns down
40
What is Hypertropia?
Eye turns up
41
What is Exotropia?
Eye turns out
42
What is Esotropia?
Eye turns in
43
What is Phoria?
Type of eye misalignment where eyes align when focused on the same object ## Footnote Misalignment occurs when not focused on the same object
44
What is Anterior Uveitis?
Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body ## Footnote Signs include red, sore, inflamed eye, blurred vision, light sensitivity
45
What are the causes of Anterior Uveitis?
* Psoriasis * Inflammatory bowel disease * Lyme disease * Tuberculosis
46
What is Arcus Senilis?
Peripheral milk white corneal deposits ## Footnote Often seen in the elderly and is benign
47
What is Band Keratopathy?
Opaque white band across cornea due to calcium salt deposits ## Footnote Causes decreased visual acuity and eye pain
48
What is a Kayser-Fleischer Ring?
Golden to greenish brown ring that encircles the iris ## Footnote Result of Wilson's disease
49
What is an Argyll Robertson Pupil?
Bilateral small pupils that react to accommodation but not to light ## Footnote CNS syphilis is the classic condition causing this
50
What are Cataracts?
Clouding of the lens ## Footnote Causes include genetics, aging, injury, diabetes
51
What is Myopia?
Nearsightedness, inability to focus on distant objects ## Footnote Occurs because the eye is 'long' - light focuses in front of retina
52
What is Hyperopia?
Farsightedness, inability to focus on near objects ## Footnote Occurs because the eye is 'short' - focus is behind retina
53
What is Astigmatism?
Irregular shape of the cornea ## Footnote Causes blurriness and can occur with myopia, hyperopia, and other eye conditions
54
What is Presbyopia?
Age-related condition with decreased elasticity of lens ## Footnote Commonly noticed between ages 40-50
55
What is Scotoma?
Partial loss of vision in the center or around the edges ## Footnote Can be a dark spot, arc of light, or flickering light
56
What is Glaucoma?
Increased ocular pressure leads to optic nerve damage and blindness ## Footnote Two types: close and open angle
57
What is the main symptom of Age-related Macular Degeneration?
Central vision loss while peripheral vision remains normal ## Footnote A leading cause of vision loss in people over 50
58
What are Cotton wool patches?
Fluffy white or gray patches on retina with very defined borders ## Footnote Caused by damage to retinal fibers
59
What are Drusen bodies?
Small yellow or white deposits on the retina or around the macula ## Footnote Accumulation of normal cellular byproducts and debris
60
What is Papilledema?
Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure ## Footnote Usually bilateral and warrants further evaluation
61
What is Posterior Uveitis?
Inflammation of the choroid in the posterior eye ## Footnote Causes include infection such as HSV2, syphilis, parasite
62
What does bilateral evaluation refer to?
If found, warrants further evaluation
63
What are some causes of vision issues?
Numerous causes including: * Glaucoma * Optic lesions * Brain tumor * Medications
64
What is Posterior Uveitis?
Inflammation of the choroid in posterior eye
65
What are rare causes of Posterior Uveitis?
Infection including: * HSV2 * Syphilis * Parasite
66
What are common signs/symptoms of Posterior Uveitis?
Signs/symptoms include: * Sore, red eye * Blurred vision * Progressive vision loss * Floaters * Sensitivity to light
67
What is Chorioretinitis?
Choroid and retina both inflamed
68
What is a potential consequence of Chorioretinitis?
Can lead to permanent vision loss
69
What is Retinal Detachment?
Destruction of the Retina; back of eye pulls away
70
What are the signs and symptoms of Retinal Detachment?
Signs/symptoms include: * Sudden appearance of floaters * Flashes of bright light (photopsia) * Loss of vision * 'Curtain of darkness' * Loss of red reflex
71
What can cause Retinal Detachment?
Causes include: * Injury * Advanced diabetes * Eye inflammation * Aging
72
What condition is Diabetic Retinopathy associated with?
Complication of uncontrolled diabetes
73
What happens to blood vessels in Diabetic Retinopathy?
Blocks blood vessels and leads to leakage and scarring
74
What are the symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy?
Symptoms include: * Usually bilateral * Scotomas * Floaters * Blurred vision * Vision loss or color loss
75
What examinations are included for Diabetic Retinopathy?
Examination includes: * Opthalmoscopic exam * Optical coherence tomography * Fluorescein angiography
76
What is Horner syndrome?
Miosis: one pupil constricted due to sympathetic nerve interruption to the head
77
What are the three signs of Horner syndrome?
Signs include: * Ptosis: eyelid droops * Miosis: one pupil is constricted * Anhydrosis: lack of sweating
78
What can cause Horner syndrome?
Causes include: * Stroke * Spinal cord injury * Apical lung tumor
79
What is Anhydrosis?
Lack of sweat; dry skin
80
What is Ptosis?
Lid lag into pupil area
81
What is Oculomotor nerve paralysis?
Also known as Oculomotor nerve palsy
82
What are the signs of Oculomotor nerve paralysis?
Signs include: * Ptosis * Impaired eye movement * Lateral deviation of the eye downward and outward * Pupil is large and fixed to light
83
What causes damage to the Oculomotor nerve?
Due to damage from different conditions
3. Clinical Skill 2: PDx
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