How many facial bones are there?
14 bones
What are the 14 facial bones?
- R and L nasal
- R and L lacrimal
- R and L maxillary
- R and L zygomatic
- R and L palatine
- R and L inferior nasal conchae
- Vomer
- Mandible
How many nasal bones are there?
2 small, thin bones that vary in size/shape
What do the nasal bones form?
Superior bony wall of the nasal cavity commonly called the “bridge of the nose”
What are the two smallest bones in the skull?
Lacrimal bones
Where are the lacrimal bones located?
In the anterior part of medial wall of orbits between labyrinths of ethmoid and maxilla
What does each lacrimal bone contain?
A lacrimal foramen through which tear ducts pass
What are the largest immovable bones of the face?
Maxillary bones
What is the acanthion?
midpoint of the junction of both maxillary bones
What do the zygomatic bones form?
Prominence of the cheek and part of side wall and floor of orbits
What are the palatine bones?
Two L shaped bones composed of vertical and horizontal plates
What are the inferior nasal conchae?
Long, narrow, very thin bones with a lateral curl like a scroll
What is the vomer?
Thin plate of bone situated in MSP of floor and nasal cavity
What does the vomer form?
Inferior nasal septum
What are the essential projections of the facial bones?
- Lateral
- Parietoacanthial (Waters method)
- Acanthioparietal (reverse Waters method)
- PA axial (Caldwell method)
What is the evaluation criteria for the lateral facial bones?
- All facial bones in their entirety
- Zygomatic bone in center
- Almost perfectly superimposed mandibular rami and superimposed roofs
- No rotation of sella turcica
What is the evaluation criteria for the Parietoacanthial (Waters) facial bone?
Distance between lateral border of skull and orbit equal on both side
- Petrous ridges projected immediatly below maxillary sinuses
What is the evaluation criteria for the Acanthioparietal (reverse Waters method)?
- Distance between lateral border of skull and orbit equal on both side
- Petrous ridges projected immediatly below maxillary sinuses
How should the CR be adjusted if the orbital rims are of interest in - PA axial (Caldwell method)?
30 degrees caudad
What is the evaluation criteria for the PA Axial caldwell facial bones?
- Entire cranial perimeter showing tables of squamous bone
- No rotation (Equal distance from lat borders of skull to orbit and symmetric petrous ridges)
- Petrous ridges projected below the inferior orbital margin
What is the evaluation criteria of the lateral nasal bones?
- No rotation of nasal bone and soft tissue
- Anterior nasal spine and frontonasal suture
What are the essential projections for the Zygomatic arches?
SMV
Tangential
AP Axial (modified Towne)
What is the evaluation critiera for the SMV Zygomatic arches?
- Zygomatic arches free from overlying structures
- Zygomatic arches symmetric and w/o foreshortening
- No rotation of head
What is the evaluation criteria for the Tangential Zygomatic arches?
- Zygomatic arches free from overlying structures
- Zygomatic arch not overexposed
