History of multicultural theories of psychology
begins with an interdisciplinary influence in fields like anthropology and sociology. these fields examine how culture is formed and how societies navigate shifts and changes.
cultural psychoanalysis: the idea that how our schemas and working models we build and early caregiving experiences shape the way we view the world
transcultural pyschology examines how culture impacts psychology
Cultural humility: the idea that we recognize our commitment to learning and understanding culture. Differences and similarities between cultures and humility is the idea of plasticity - we grow and change within our culture.
We need this humility
It the job of the therapist to adapt to therapy within the existing structures and community
Bringing psychology into cultures in a way that advocates for the community structures
How can we build on the resources and structures you have in a way that works best for you
multicultural psychology timeline
1967: fanon begins to think about understanding the impacts of colonization on psyche and the longstanding effects
1973: Freire forms education for the oppressesd model, theorizes that a lack of education maintains inequality. education can exist in therapy
1986: apa division 45 is founded focuses on diversity
2003: Boyd writes the seminal text on working with black clients
2008: hayes develops a framework for counseling diverse clients
Age and generational influences
DDevelopmental and acquired Disabilities
Religion and spiritual orientation
Ethnic and racial identity
Socioeconomic status
Sexual orientation
Indigenous heritage
National origin
Gender
reevaluation counseling and co-counseling
reavlatuation counseling is when individuals listen to each other to recover from effects of racism, classism, sexism, and other types of oppression
co counseling is peer counseling, people who have undergone similar experiences can benifit from talking to each other.
why consider culture
beliefs, emotions, behaviors, attitudes, expectations, interpersonal style, treatment selection, treatment response
culture influences our attitudes and beliefs about what the problem is and what should be done about it.
influences our expectations about therapy
influences the way we select our treatment and how we handle it through the course of treatment
influences the experiences that may push us to seek therapy
stage 1 of minority identity development
Conformity: (stage 1)
Internalized racism: end school segregation
Showed children black and white dolls
Asked kids which doll looked like them. They would answer that the doll looks like them but described them in a negative way (like the doll was ugly or bad)
Shows that the subject in an environment (the child) has taken on these internalized beliefs based on the environment around them
stages of minority identity development
1: conformity, 2: dissonance, 3 resistance-immersion, 4 introspection, 5, synergistic
stage 2 of minority identity development
questioning the internalized conformed norms
stage 3 of minority identity development
resistance-immersion: endorse and embody the minority held beliefs
stage 4
introspection: establishing beliefs from both the majority and minority culture
defining oneself as an individual rather than by other
stage 5 of minority identity development
synergistic: developed our sense of meaning and ideals and have pulled from the different cultures, best held by a variety of cultural beliefs.
stages of sexual orientation identity development
Stage 1: Confusion
Someone is questioning their sexual orientation
Thinking about the possibility that they can be a part of a sexual minority
Stage 2: Comparison
Stage 3: Tolerance
You tolerate it but not at the point of accepting the fact that you are
Stage 4: Acceptance
Stage 5: Pride
This is an asset to my identity, I am proud of it
Ex: zach sage video the boy who was saying how he doesn’t want to hide his identity
Stage 6: Synthesis: bridging it all together how you are engaging in cultural and if you feel distress
collectivist worldview
people describe themselves as centers around community, citizenship, harmony and communication. the ways in which a person engages in the people around them is valued. harmony, teamwork, keeping the peace and not disturbing the social norms. “who am I in relation to you, I am in part defined by you”
individualistic worldview
who am I.
defined by agency and individuals capabilities. defined by self not rooted in others. does not have to one or the other. our culture is survival of the fittest, but we also have aspects that are collectivist. we have shared values in family and in community.
influences how someone approaches therapy and how they perceive the therapeutic relationship
pamela hayes intersectionality
develops the addressing framework, a heuristic for counseling diverse patients
look at,
age: how different events affect how we perceive the world and we go through that with our generation. screen time looks different in different generations and effects our eyes, generational shifts what you are raised with, how you are treated, norms change based on age
development and acquired disabilities: how we move through the world and how we are treated on that status
religion
ethnicity
Socioeconomic status
Sexual orientation
Indigenous heritage
National origin
Gender
people are not one thing, our identity and cultures are dynamic
theory of psychotherapy: cultural adaption
involve diverse people in development of psychotherapies, include collectivist values, attend to religion: we need to be aware of the role of religion and how it has played out over time, religion is important to people an being in a minor can impact, pay attention to the relevance of acculturationL especially important to those who have immigrant parents, acknowledge the effects of oppression, how they experience culture and navigate therapy, interventions within the use are typically individualist so integrating collectivist values within is important. we have a lot of values shared around the community and the collective
cultural competence
we want therapists to have cultural competence
spectrum of cultural competence
culture destructiveness: actively destroying culture
cultural incapacity: paternalistic stance toward minorities, recognition of cultures but, helping it comes from a stance of we now better
cultural blindness culture does not a make a difference, we are all people
cultural pre competence: recognizes that there are differences that are meaningful and may impact therapy, the clients environment, but they don’t know what to do about it
cultural competence: therapists should value diversity, manage dynamics of difference, acquire and incorporate cultural knowledge into their interventions, increased their multicultural skills, conduct self reflection and assessment, adapt to the diversity and culture of their clinets. ethnorelative view - sense of self inside a diverse worldview, understands their own views and how those sit relative to others, others can have different experiences and values and that is okay, as opposed to ethnocentric, minimizing other cultures or cultural differences seeing their own culture as the dominant and universal.
achieving cultural competence looks like congruent behavior and beliefs, reflects an understanding of how culture is relevant in their identity, how someone experiences the world around them, appreciated differences, recognizes that the culture the therapist and patient bring into the room can be different and aims to build a bridge between them
goals of multicultural therapy
address cultural trauma - this can be direct experience or wider
experience (specifically the clients lived experience) is valuable knowledge
healing results from:
empowerment,
sharing multiple perspectives, anchored in meaningful and relevant contexts
methods of psychotherapy
therapeutic alliance:
strong emphasis on understanding the client’s expectations for the therapist’s role. if the clients culture is more respectful of authority, the client may be more passive, but if culture has more push back against authority the client may be more questing of the therapist.
respond according to the needs of the client
work towards cultural congruence in worldviews
multicultural assessment
explanatory model of distress: therapists is genuinely interested in learning the clients perspective of why they are experiencing distress and what it would look like to heal. what they feel will most likely not match the dsm
cultural formulation and analysis: identifying and understanding where different cultural pieces might be contributing to the distress. patient experiencing disconnect between personal views and values and cultural expectations. don’t overly focus on culture when it is not relevant.
cultural genogram: understand client’s family history in cultural context and what their standards are socially
ethnocultural assessment: explore multiple domains of the cultural journey. understand how someone relates to their heritage, culture, and their cultural identify.
dialogue on cultural differences and similarities
suspend preconceptions: no stereotypes
recognize clients may be different from other members of their group
consider how client-therapist differences might affect therapy
acknowledge that power, privilege, and oppression might affect interactions
cultural empathy
learned ability to understand experiences of culturally diverse individuals. informed by cultural knowledge and interpretation. empathic witness, recognizing that we are not participants but we are their to witness and affirm the clients experiences and reality
ethnic transference
interethnic transference is when the therapist and client are of different ethniticites. the client may transfer expectations onto the therapist based on schemas and past experiences. this may result in over compliance, mistrust, denial, or ambivalence
intraethnic transference occurs when the client views therapist as omniscient or omnipotent. expects that the therapist should know what I am thinking and understand my experiences perfectly because they have the same background. overestimation of similarity of client and therapists lived experiences. this can result in the perception of the therapist being a traitor to the culture, or an auto racist and projecting internalized racism onto the therapist.
ethnic countertransference
interethnic countertransference: deny cultural differences, become overly curious about differences at the expense of psychological needs, guilt, or pity
interethnic countertransference: over identification; shared victimization; distancing; survivors guilt, cultural myopia (can’t see clearly
mechanisms of psychotherapy for multicultural psychotherapy
cultural consciousness,
develop resilience
meaning making
managing cultural trauma
