test 3 Flashcards

Question

cultural considerations

Answer 1

core principals are assumed to be universal, not only across cultures but across species culture can affect the therapeutic relationship, client perceptions, and treatment engagement therapists mist think about culture as an environment, learn about culture through a variety of sources, and be aware of their own biases and the patients reaction

Answer 2

starts from a phenomenological approach - Kant says psychology starts from how we experience structural theory argues that there is an id ego and superego, depth psychology - that are different layers to that structure. cognitive psychology thinks differently than frued, but agrees that there is a structured hierarchy to our cognitions theoretical underpinnings, cognitive psychologists study the ways which people think and perceive. it comes on at the same time as behaviors and operates as opposition. not just stimulus response but there is something in between, the organisms thoughts and beliefs matter. we see this demonstrated in expectancy theory: we behave in accordance to what we expect will happen. Lazarus 1984 theorized the cognitive theories of emotion, that emotions are intertwined with what we think, to feel an emotion there must be a cognition associated, the way we think about emotions dramtically changes how we respond to those emotions

Answer 3

in 1962 ellis starts to think about cognition. in 1963 beck researches depression in 1977 bandura emphasized expectancies and efficacies, (a type of an expectancy based on how effective I think my actions will be, I can have self efficacy for how much I believe that I will be able to do something, not the same thing to sy it will result well, efficacy is the actions one takes, the expectancy is the outcome downstream of the actions) in 1977 meichenbaum develops cognitive behavior modification, in 1994 the beck institute is founded which is born out of research

Answer 4

trained in psychoanalysis, observes consistent biases in cognitive processing, develops theory of emotional discords and cognitive model of depression he does not think he is seeing repression but rather thinks he is seeing biases in cognitive processing after his psychoanalytic training he wanted to see if depression is inverted hostility if it is anger of someone else onto oneself seeing the need to suffer in everything and no pressure and very self critical. he acquired dreams of depressed patients, showed the patient had a very negative self concept in dreams, tested to see if they would choose punishing or approval words, then a card sorting task, realized it was the ideas they held about themselves that impacted psychopathology and changed beliefs to resolve disorders believed that all perceptions go through a filter and that will change the experience

Answer 5

personality is made up of both temperament and cognitive schemas. assumptions are drawing a conclusion with no evidence. like psychoanalysis, cognitive theory argues that beliefs take place early in life, but are not set in stone and can be reinforced throughout life. personality is a cluster of attributes and the ways in which one responds. this occurs when one combines temperament and schemas. we hone in on belief and styles of responding

Answer 6

psychopathology is on the same continuum as normal behavior. psychological distress results from perceived threats maladaptive interpretations reduced cognitive reasoning abilities systematic biases in information processing

Answer 7

the tendency to blow circumstances out of proportion by making problems larger than life one should ask themselves, what if things are not as bad as I make them out to be?

Answer 8

the tendency to take the blame for absolutely everything that goes wrong in your life can be healed by asking who or what else could have played a part in this

Answer 9

the tendency to make broad generalizations based upon a single event with minimal evidence what evidence suggests that things can be different

Answer 10

the tendency to interpret your experience based upon how you are feeling in the moment can be resolved by questioning what evidence suggests that how I am seeing this isn't accurate

Answer 11

the tendency to make unrealistic and unreasonable demands on yourself and others can be resolved by asking, must it be this way? is there any other way to do this?

Answer 12

the tendency to magnify the positive attributes of another while minimizing your own can be resolved by asking, what if I believed that I was deserving and capable?

Answer 13

schemas fall into three major categories which cause depression: a negative view of the self, a negative view o the world, and a negative view of the future

Answer 14

anxiety is formed by an exaggerated perception of danger, difficulty recognizing cues of safety, and minimizing ones actual ability to cope

Answer 15

uncertainty of safety (obsession) Sense of responsibility to take action (compulsion)

Answer 16

it is formed in a pyramid, here it is from top to bottom voluntary thoughts: most accessible and stable thoughts automatic thoughts: spontaneous and triggered by circumstances (stimulus -- automatic thought -- emotion and behavior). this is the thing that pops into our head they can be different than the underlying assumption, sometimes they are the same, when they are different it could be that the thought reflects the assumption underlying assumptions: stem from core beliefs, give rise to automatic thoughts which shape perceptions, provide interpretation and meaning. this is the process of biasing information, if I will never be good enough, I wave to a friend and may have the automatic thought they don't like me and make the underlying assumption that they don't like me core beliefs, foundation of maladaptive schemas. these are often self reinforcing. they don't change themselves. thoughts like I believe nothing good will ever happen or I believe I am not good enough

Answer 17

correct faulty information processing, not simply substitute the negative beliefs with positive beliefs. trust the thought as a testable hypothesis: investigate the thought and recognize that the thought we have does not make that thought true. this thought does not accurate reflect the situation the goal is to develop a more realistic and balanced way of thinking, like this is water, it is a choice to think differently, just because I am having a thought does not make it true

Answer 18

collaborative the therapist is a guide and a catalyst for change warmth, empathy, genuineness, curiosity emphasizes the patients responsibility the goals is to learn form the therapist to they can take the skills and tools and practice them on their own

Answer 19

collaborative empiricism: not making assumptions, methodical in collecting evidence, consider alternative explanations, gather evidence for and against, look to develop a testable hypothesis Socratic dialogue: asking questions designed to lead someone to the information guided discovery: co investigators, be curious, see what we can discover together we take a top down approach, start with identifying maladaptive automatic thoughts, ding the assumptions that are underneath them, and then find the core beliefs, the real work comes in modifying the core beleifs.

Answer 20

initial phase: assessment and contract. get a sense of what some of the maladaptive cognitions mat be. recommend a treatment and contract for treatment based on assessment. one key in the beginning is education middle and later sessions: identify themes in automatic thoughts, challenge core belief. the goal is to identify the automatic thoughts so we can find a theme which leads us to a hypothesis, then, we challenge that core belief by testing put hypothesis. it is a very experimental procedure end of treatment: relapse prevention, prepare for the potential that this will return, understand the skills that are going to be the most helpful, use the tools

Answer 21

1. set the agenda: the therapist does so, the therapist must be in control of the session, starting with how was your week or set can derail the session 2. review previous material, recap the last session 3. review homework. what may have gotten in the way of the homework? 4. cover new material 5. summary and assign homework 6. elicit feedback

Answer 22

therapy begins with a process of teaching the basic model of cognitive therapy, teaches that thoughts and feelings and behaviors are interconnected. I can't tell you to change the way you Geel but can teach you how to change your behavior, I am going to tell you how to change your thoughts. start with an emotion and then identify thoughts and behaviors around it

Answer 23

log a mood, the situation, automatic thoughts, thinking error, and a reframe

Answer 24

ask what the underlying assumption is with the automatic thought, test those assumption/thought to challenge the assumption

Answer 25

decatastrophizing: it is not all about telling someone something is not going to happen again, rather it is to have a more realistic view and how they are going to handle it. the thing they are worried about is just not going to happen - the fear of something happening does not increase the chance of it happening. it is not telling them that the bad situation is not going to happen, but rather conveying that if it does happen it is not the end of the world reattribution: address thoughts that attribute blame, help people understand the actual responsibility present in the attributed blame redefining: redefine the problem in concrete terms with facets that are in the patients control. patients often come in with problems that are misidentified. (if train is cancelled the problem is not the train getting canceled, but that you need to find a way to get home, the problem is not the train being canceled for that is out of your control, the problem is that you need to find a way to get back home which redefines the situation giving you control decentering: we always have an audience, it seems that people are always watching what we are doing, this leads to maladaptive thoughts feelings and emotions, people constantly feel judged but in reality people are not giving you that much attention

Answer 26

assign homework do hypothesis testing with behavioral experiments exposure therapy behavioral rehearsal or role playing activity scheduling

Answer 27

modifying dysfunctional assumptions leads to effective change core beliefs must be made accessible to be modified. therapy allows patient to experience emotion and reality testing simultaneously

Answer 28

large effects are found on depression, gad, panic disorder, social phobia, and childhood depression or anxiety medium effects are found in marital distress, anger, chronic pain, and childhood somatic disorders

Answer 29

understand the patient's beliefs, values, and attitudes - when patients own beliefs don't match culture help them develop flexibility and reconcile beliefs with environmental constraints Realistic and balanced way of thinking. Can 2 things be true at once? They are not mutually exclusive. How strongly do you believe this? Can you have some flexibility around how you engage with this belief? Culture plays a role also as it is one's internal beliefs you are working on specifically with the patient. The only thing they can change is within them.

Answer 30

precursors include confuiscious, socrates, plato, and Aristotle all talked about the importance of pursuing virtue, happiness, and positive emotions. conscious talked about discipline, education, and harmonious relationships we have often focused on psychology of distress and focused on he negatives of human relathips, but also, people sometimes focused on why things go right. prior to World War Two a lot of psychology focused on the positive. after World War Two it shifted to the assessment and treatment of psychopathology.

Answer 31

traditional psychotherapy is deficit oriented, publications about negative emotions outnumbered positive emotions 14-1 in 2004 the dsm4 created a classification of strengths 1998 seligman urges the spa to adopt a new goal and argues that we need to be studying things that make life worth living. the absesne of distress is not the presence of flourishing 2007 innternation positie psychology association is founded 200-2010 more than 100 articles related to positive psychology are published

Answer 32

nature and nurture a large part of out personality comes from heritable traits personal set range + circumstances + factors under volitional control = happiness

Answer 33

Wisdom: acquire knowledge so that u can then apply it, change course if necessary Courage: belief or willingness to have will toward accomplishing ur goals even when there is opposition - try even if you might not be successful Humanity: our ability to connect with others, tending and care for others Justice: strong sense of right and wrong and acting toward what we believe to be right, high moral compass. A sense of community - who is this for not just what's always right for you but also what’s right for others and the community. Looking to find the balance not selfish. Temperance: self-restraint and resistance toward a certain vice Temperance Movement: limiting the use of alcohol consumption Transcendence: the existential, expanding beyond yourself

Answer 34

absence of some strengths excess of other strengths strengths in extreme forms

Answer 35

the primary assunmptions are distress is caused by thwarted capacities of unbalanced strengths, something is getting in the way, there is something getting in the way of the cultivation of my strengths and doing this in an unbalanced way positive emotions and strengths are real and valuable: this is key because it does not always hit everyone as obvious or true but research does support effective therapeutic relationships can be built on exploration of positive personal characteristics: the therapeutic relationship can be built through focusing on strengths, not assessing what has gone wrong, and we can build this relationship entirely on strengths

Answer 36

measurable qualities that can be cultivated through intervention which promote positive psychology

Answer 37

positive emotion "pleasant life" in the past present and future - you don't always need to be in a situation where the current moment is positive, but can look into the future and past and feel positive about them optimal ratio of positive to negative emotions it is not that all situations are good, there will be negative emotions and that is okay

Answer 38

engagement: this relates to csikszenthmihalyi's flow might be seen in art of physical activity distractions and maladaptive thoughts can disrupt flow use signature strengths beyond sensory pleasure, critically think and avoid habituation the best flow brings both a sense of challenge and accomplishment

Answer 39

relationships: facilitate happiness sharing in the right way can make us enjoy our things more having quality relationships raise the rest of the quality of the perm model

Answer 40

meaning: striving for something bigger than oneself provides motivation, persistence, and resilience

Answer 41

accomplishment: flow and motivation productivity and satisfactions what are the conditions we need?: we need it to effortful and shared in a relationship, must have a reason why it matters

Answer 42

perm can be pursued simultaneously and interalatedly engagement and meaning most correlated with life satisfaction one can not just chat positive emotions, the goals is not just to feel good all of the time, perma is not viewed in isolation

Answer 43

to help develop and identify strengths, use strengths in the right proportions in the right situations, hitting the perms models to flourish. a succesful therapietic relationship can be built off of the clients strengths - relationship will be egalitarian some ways to improve wellbeing is to gratitude journal, 3 things that went well each day or do something good for someone else therapy that is born out of science

Answer 44

therapeutic relationship: the therapist views client's strengths through a magnifying glass

Answer 45

identify signature strengths: the strengths that people use the most often, obtain narratives about their use incorporate them into the treatment plan Strengths are inherently valuable but that does not mean they are adaptive. Look if strengths are tonic of phasic Encourage open communication, a lot of two way conversation about what is working or not and ensuring flexibility in treatment

Answer 46

Gratitude: tell me what went well and why, focus on gratitude. This is huge and one of the most powerful movers in positive psychology Other pieces of the perma model often come in with gratitude as well. Savoring: slow down and absorb on one thing Manage negative emotions: see intellectualization as a possibly adaptive tool to get space from the emotion Forgiveness: are we holding on to negative emotions

Answer 47

Sessions 1-3 orientation to positive therapy, the client writes a positive introduction of the self and assesses signature strengths, creates and function plan to incorporate strengths. Sessions 4-6: reappraises bitter memories, increase forgiveness and gratitude Session 7: feedback and check in Session 8-9 cultivate positive emotions and growth from trauma Sessions 10-11 communication skills and strengths of others Session 12: savoring Session 13: altruism, helping others Session 14: integrate treatment gains - the full life

Answer 48

Broaden and build resources for coping Reappraise negative memories “Reeducation of attention” Yisteier immune systems - things just like the immune system can be effected by the positive and negative As many systems to buffer against the negative Not stewing in the negative but that doesn't mean not validating The ability to choose where we put our attention We have control over what we pay attention to Learning to pay less attention to the negative Be more open to the balance of the positive and negative

Answer 49

RCTs support effectiveness for reduced depression, increased well being, adolescent substance use, behavioral challenges, social skills, and well being Cardiovascular disease: depression is a major risk for heart attacks Group PPT provides more opportunities to reinforce treatment gain

Answer 50

Definition of happiness Cultural context Therapists must understand manifestations of strengths across cultural settings, discuss culture with client who is the expert, understand meaning of strengths across culture What defines a full life? Culture has a lot to say on what in the perma model what would positive relationships look like in one culture vs a different one This can help or influence flourishing in one culture vs another culture Culture also effects how strengths manifest Standing up to authority in your culture can be strong in one culture or a norm but not in another Societal norms How culture shifts adaptively or not Understanding manifestation, discuss culture and understand meaning of strengths Indivualstic vs collectivists and meaning that is placed on the strength depenig on that Open conversatioin Cognitive vs behavioral therapy: Bulk of work is outside the session - homework in both - identify thinking errors Positive punishment: adding something aversive - more chores Negative punishment: taking away What about a seatbelt dinging in a car? Aversive noise is positive punishment if ur trying to getting rid of the noise but not the same is ur being forced to wear a seatbelt

test 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)