1
Q
what is the definition of developmental psychology
A
scientific study of human development and how we stay the same
2
Q
longitudinal vs. cross-sectional research
A
longitudinal: study one group of people for a long period of time
cross-sectional: study different groups of people at the same time
3
Q
what are the 5 major questions of developmental psychology
A
continuity vs. stages
critical/sensitive periods
stability vs. change
–> do traits from childhood continue
impact of early experience
nature vs. nurture
4
Q
what is the gestation period and its stages
A
duration of pregnancy
–> babies can be born full-term (on time), premature/pre-term, or post-term
STAGES: germinal, embryonic, fetal
5
Q
describe the germinal stage
A
10 DAYS - 2 WEEKS
- starts when egg + sperm form zygote
- zygote divides/multiplies exponentially
- 5/6 days after conception it turns into a blastocyte
- cells form structure to support baby
- blastocyte reaches uterus and attaches to uterine wall
6
Q
what is an ectopic pregnancy
A
- baby develops in the fallopian tubes –> eventually dies
- pregnancy must be terminated
7
Q
mono vs. dizygotic twins
A
mono: 1 egg, 1 sperm –> splits into 2
–> always same sex, 100% similar
di: 2 eggs, 2 sperm
–> 50% similar
8
Q
describe the embryonic stage
A
3 - 8 WEEKS
- placenta gives baby oxygen, nutrition, protection, and cleans waist of baby
- nervous system, organs, limbs develop
9
Q
describe the fetal stage
A
9 WEEKS - BIRTH
- further maturation and development to prepare baby to live outside womb
- bones solidify
- muscles become stronger
- explosive growth of BRAIN, neurons make connections
- SULCI/GYRI form –> unique to each person
10
Q
sulci vs. gyri
A
sulci = grooves
gyri = bumps
of brain
11
Q
what are teratogens
A
environmental agents that contribute negatively to the development of an embryo
12
Q
when do teratogens exert their most negative effects
A
EMBRYO period
- period where most bodily structures are being formed
- less influencial during zygotic period
- significant effects on brain development
13
Q
describe alcohol as a teratogen
A
- infants may develop FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)
- can dmg internal organs, alter physical characteristics, and develop a smooth patch of skin between nose/upper lip
- can cause cognitive impairments
14
Q
what is a schema
A
a mental representation of something or someone
–> affect the way we think, feel, behave
15
Q
assimilation vs. accomadation vs. equilibration (schemas)
A
assimilation: absorb new information into our existing schema without modifying it
accommodation: change our schema or create a new one to absorb new information
equilibration: when the content of our schema and the real world match
DISequilibration: content of our schema and real world do not match –> want to restore balance
–> can create/modify schema or twist information to make it fit
16
Q
what are the 4 stages of piaget’s cognitive development
A
- sensorimotor (0-2yrs)
- pre-operational (2-7yrs)
- concrete operational (7-12yrs)
- formal operational (12-adult)
17
Q
what constitutes the sensorymotor stage (piaget)
A
- use our senses and motor skills to discover the world and form schemas
- develop OBJECT PERMANENCE
- piaget was correct but object permanence tends to happen earlier than anticipated
18
Q
what consistutes the preoperational stage (piaget)
A
- ANIMISM –> believe inanimate objects are alive
- can start using symbols but don’t understand them well
- literal thinking –> don’t understand world play
- EGOCENTRISM –> difficulty seeing from other perspectives
- cannot perform/understand mental operations or conversation
19
Q
what constitutes the concrete opertational stage
A
- can perform mental operations, but only concrete –> not abstract
- understand conservation –> understand 3 major transformative principles
–> identity: essence of object remains the same despite superficial changes
–> compensation: change in one dimension is upset by a change in another
–> inversion
20
Q
what consistutes the formal operational stage
A
- thinking becomes ABSTRACT
- imaginary audience
- personal fable
–> feel that our experiences are so unique that no one else is experiencing it
–> strong belief we are invincible - adult egocentrism: blend of uniqueness and invincibility
- idealism
21
Q
who was lev vigotsky and what did he do
A
SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY
- language is the most important tool for cognitive development
- placed important in SELF-TALK
–> egocentric speech: talk to ourselves out loud
–> silent inner speech - development is rooted in cultural environment
- children need a mentor who helps them in the ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (cannot do on their own, with help they can)
- SCAFFOLDING: once child learns to do something you back off
22
Q
who was john bowlby and what did he do
A
- theorized about attachment and relationships in infants
- becomes clear that a baby developed an attachment ~7-8 months
–> separation and stranger anxiety - healthy attachment is essential for psychological security
- has nothing to do with source of food
- we come biologically prepared for connectedness –> attachment bonds have survival value
- secure vs. insecure attachment
23
Q
what consistutes psychological security
A
safe haven: ideally the attachment figure is a safe haven where infants go to get their needs met
secure base: the place from which we go explore the world and come back to
24
Q
secure vs. insecure attachment
A
SECURE: linked to positive consequences
–> baby learns the world is a safe space and they can get their needs met
INSECURE: linked to negative consequences
–> learns the world is unsafe and caregiver is unreliable
25
what is the strange situation
MARY AINSWORTH
- research scenario in which a baby is left with a stranger vs. their mom
SECURE:
- mom is in room --> they will explore
- mom leaves, stranger enters --> distressed
- mom comes back --> easily comforted
INSECURE RESISTANT:
- mom in room --> stays close to her
- mom leaves --> distressed
- mom comes back --> angry at her, not easy to comfort
INSECURE AVOIDANT:
- mom in room --> indifferent to her, may do some exploring
- mom leaves --> not upset
- mom comes back --> indifferent
- seems to avoid her
INSECURE DISORGANIZED:
- display a mixture of avoidant and resistant behaviours
26
what are the landmarks of puberty
supermarche (boys)
--> first ejaculation
menarche (girls)
--> first period
27
what are the main characteristics linked and associated with emerging adulthood
identity exploration, instability, self-focus, exploring possibilities for one's life
28
development of the adolescent brain
- full size reached 11-14yrs but is still developing
- not finished maturing until 25-30
- frontal lobes are the last area to mature --> executive function
- brain forms synapses
- more myelin(white matter) laid down --> essential for proper functioning
- synaptic pruning
- brain is more plastic and more vulnerable
- dopamine surges strengthen and enhance executive functions
29
who is kholberg and what did he do
- started research on developing morality
3 STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
preconventional: pure selfishness
conventional: guided by laws, expectations, rules
postconventional: principles that we choose, but universal ethical principles
30
who is erikson and what did he do (identity)
- major task of adolescence is the formation of an identity
identity diffusion: do not have a clear sense of who they are and are not trying to figure it out
foreclosed identity: path to identity is super clear/straightforward
--> adopt the identity everyone wants for us
psychosocial moratorium: explore many identities but don't commit
identity achievement: explore a variety of identities and choose/commit to one
31
what is alzheimers
- most common form of dementia -->significant cognitive decline to the point where we cannot function effectively in everyday life
- kills neurons in the brain
- starts deep in brain and moves up to cortex
- acetylcholine (nt linked to learning) is one of the first neurons to be destroyed
- tangles form inside neuron and are results of malfunction of protein
- plaques form outside the neuron and choke neuron to death
32
what is the first area of the brain to begin aging
frontal lobe
33
do men or womens brains shrink faster
mens
34
what is the wisdom paradox
the aging brain may slow down but in other ways is better and wiser than ever
35
what is our cognitive reserve
we put time to stimulate our brains when we are young
when we get older, we rely on our cognitive reserve to help with aging
36
what were erikson's 8 stages of development
- individuals must master specific developmental challenges
Infancy (0-2)
--> trust vs. mistrust
Early childhood (2-4)
--> autonomy vs. shame/doubt (children become confident in ability to make decisions)
preschool years (4-5)
--> initiative vs. guilt (gain sense of purpose/initiative vs. viewing themselves as a nuisance)
school age (5-12)
--> industry vs. inferiority (feel confident in ability to achieve goals)
adolescence (13-19)
--> identity vs. role confusion
early adulthood (13-19)
--> intimacy vs. isolation (partake in healthy and caring relationships)
middle adulthood (40-64)
--> generativity vs. stagnation (establish a legacy in the world or feel unproductive)
maturity (65+)
ego integrity vs. despair (see themselves as having lived a successful life)
37
what is the high sucking amplitude paradigm
infants prefer listening to speech rather than non-speech
--> would suck harder
38
what is the novelty preference
infants prefer looking at new stimuli over old stimuli
39
what are the components of intelligence
- think rationally
- detect patterns
- act purposefully
- solve problems effectively
- learn from experience
- cope with changes
- cognitive/behavioural flexibility
40
what was aristotle's view on intelligence
theoretical wisdom: having knowledge in different fields and being able to discuss this knowledge intelligently
practical wisdom: being able to navigate life and deal with the world
- intelligence is a bridge between knowing and applying knowledge
self-enhancement bias: tendency for most people to think we're above average
knowledge illusion: tendency to feel like we know more than we actually do
41
what is factor analysis
- statistical technique used to identify common factors to answer questions about intelligence
- cocreated by SPEARMAN
g --> general intelligence
- underlies all our abilities (s)
- 2 levels
--> higher order: general intelligence
--> lower order: verbal, quantitative, abstract reasoning and short-term memory
s
- humans display a variety of abilities that are different from one another
- do NOT represent multiple intelligences independent of one another
42
what did thurstone do
- used factor analysis but concluded there is NO G
- there are multiple intelligences that are separate from each other
43
what were thurstone's 7 factors of mental abilities
- word fluency
- verbal comprehension
- numeric abilities
- spatial visualization
- memory
- percetual speed
- reasoning
44
what did raymond cattell do
- acknowledged the existence of g but said g is more complex and consists of 2 main components
CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE (gc)
- whole body of knowledge we have acquired to this point
- increases with age
FLUID INTELLIGENCE (gf)
- doesn't have content
- raw reasoning power of brain
- use it to solve problems
- peaks in young adulthood and gradually decreases up to ag75
--> rapidly decreases aafter 85
45
what did gardner do
- rejects existence of g, just have multiple intelligences independent from each other:
linguistic
logical-mathematical
musical
bodily kinesthetic
spatial
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist
46
savants vs. prodigies
savants: super bright in some ways, way way below average in others
prodigies: super bright in some ways, avg in others
47
what did sternberg do
- more to intelligence than g
- 3 interconnected types of intelligence
- to be intelligent is to live a successful life based on our values and goals within our sociocultural context
ANALYTICAL
CREATIVE
PRACTICAL
--> need all 3 to live a successful life
48
what did mayer and salovey do
proposed existence of emotional intelligence/EQ
49
what did francis galton do (intelligence)
- hypothesized g was the product of heredity
- tried to equate physical measure of the body with mental measurement
- made strides in statistics --> NORMAL DISTRIBUTION + SD
- if intelligence formed a ND it was biologically innate
- tests were no predicative of each oher or of academic success
50
Binet and Simon's intelligence test
- focused on behavioural measures of intelligence
- intelligence = ability to judge, comprehend, and reason well
- developed test hat reflected 3 basic abilities:
DIRECTION: know what to do ADAPATION: create strategies to implement knowledge
CRITICISM: step back and find errors
- realizes intelligence developed with age --> assigned children a mental age
- created a scale
51
what is the stanford-binet test
- first written measure of intelligence
- originally in french
52
how do you calculate IQ
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
53
what is the genetic influence on IQ
- strong connective evidence
- IQ is 50-80% heritable
- genetic link between IQ and genes gets stronger as we get older
- mom's IQ is a better predictor of your IQ --> may be why men are more prone to intellectual disabilities
- function and structure of brain have impact on IQ
54
how many known genes are linked to intelligence
1041
polygenic
55
what are environmental influences on IQ
impoverished vs. enriched
nutrition
schooling effects
stereotype threat
stereotype lift
mindset (growth/fixed)
stress
56
what is the flynn effect
- researchers observe that IQ scores have been steadily and consistently rising
- suspect it is due to environmental factors
- BUT the past few years, its been reversing
--> could be due to technology
57
difference in IQ between men and women?
almost no difference, but perform differently on different tests
men --> visuospatial tasks
women --> verbal tasks
58
are IQ tests biased?
yes, they are culturally biased
but, statistically they are not biased
59
what is social darwinism
people proposed the government should not interfere and help the poor so that the genetically superior people (rich ppl) will only survive
60
what is eugenics
FRANCIS GALTON
- goal: to better the human condition (ex. eradicating disease)
- widely adopted at the beginning, but then ideas were twisted
- ideas were used to institutionalize ppl with low IQ scores
61
what is the definition of social psychology
scientific study of how we influence and affect each other
62
what are the different attributions we can perform
attribution: explanation we offer as to why a behaviour occured
DISPOSITIONAL/INTERNAL
- behaviour occurs because this is who the person is
SITUATIONAL
- behavour occured because of external circumstance
INTERACTION
- behaviour occured because of an interaction between the situation and who the person is
63
what is the fundamental attribution error
when we are explaining behaviours of people we DONT KNOW, we are likely to disregard the situation and rely on dispositional attribution
64
what are the exceptions to the fundamental attribution error
- We are less likely if we’re feeling compassion, if we put ourselves in the shoes of the other person
- Less likely when we are explaining our very own behaviour
- Less likely when we are explaining the behaviour of people we know and like
- Less likely if we come from collectivistic cultures
65
what is the actor-observer bias
actor --> explaining our own behaviour, we take the situation into consideration
observer --> more likely to use dispositional attribution
66
what is the self-serving bias
we take credit for our successes and blame others for our failures
67
what is the false consensus effect
tendency to believe others share our opinions more than they actually do
68
what is impression formation
when presented with a list of characteristics about someone we have not met, our impression of them will be formed around those characteristics
69
what is the primacy effect
first impressions may not change even in the face of new conflicting information
--> once an initial impression is formed, decreasing amounts of attention are given to subsequent information
70
what is the self-fulfilling prophecy
when our own beliefs could become reality because of our own behaviours
3 STEPS
1. we have a belief
2. we behave in line with that belief
3. expectation may come true because of our own behaviour
71
what are social norms
unwritten social rules on how to behave in certain situations
--> differ between cultures
72
what is a social script
unwritten social rules about the sequence of steps to follow in certain situations
73
individual vs. collectivistic cultures
individualistic:
- focuses on the individual
- individual is more important than the group
- about pursuing own interests/goals
collectivistic:
- group is more important
- focuses on cooperation, community, group harmony
74
what is the definition of conformity
- when we adjust our behaviours so they are in line with those of a certain group
- a certain level of conformity is essential for the smooth functioning of society
75
what did solomon asch do
- start research on conformity
- experiment with the length of the lines
76
what are 2 reasons we conform?
normative social influence
--> we want to be liked and accepted
informational social influence
--> we turn to the group when we don't know what's going on
77
what is groupthink
- dysfunctional way of thinking that could occur in a group
- priority of the group becomes pleasing the leader
78
how to counteract groupthink
- leaders should encourage objections
- hire someone to criticize group decisions
79
what did milgram do
OBEDIENCE
- experiment where participants were instructed by an authority figure to deliver electric shocks to another person
- would see how far people would go
- most stopped at 150V
80
who is zimbardo and what did he do
- wanted to understand how social roles influence our behaviour
- STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT
81
what is the definition of attitude and its 3 components
our evaluation of something or someone
--> can be positive/negative/neutral
3 components:
- cognitive
- emoional
- behavioural
82
what is the "foot in the door" technique
compliance technique used to manipulate people and increase the probability of them doing what we ask
83
what is the cognitive dissonance theory
FESTINGER
- we love consistency between our attitudes/behaviour
- if we notice a disrepancy we experience cognitive dissonance
--> state of psychological tension that feels uncomfortable
- we are motivated to eliminae tension through difference methods
84
what is us vs. them
we organize things into categories --> mental shortcut
us = the ingroup
them = the outgroup
characteristics:
- engage in favouritism
engage in ethnocentrism
--> perceive out values as the standard
- perceive our group as heterogeneous
- perceive outgroups as homogenous
85
what are stereotypes
attitudes and opinions about people based on the group they are affiliated with
--> can be positive/negative
86
what is prejudice and what is it associated with?
associated with hate and consists of negative attitudes directed at groups who share a similar characteristic
prejdice is LEARNED
87
what is the difference between discrimination vs. prejudice
discrimination relates to behaviour
prejudice relates to attitudes
88
what are 2 theories to explain the discrimination minorites display towards each other
scapegoat theory: tendency to blame a less powerful person/group for one's own problems
realistic conflict theory: intergroup conflict created when 2+ groups are competing over real/perceived scarce resources
89
what is the most important factor in interpersonal attraction
geographical proximity --> facilitates meeting people and encountering them
the mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to a stimulus that is pleasant is associated with an increased liking of that stimulus
90
what are the factors of interpersonal attraction
- geographical proximity
- physical attractiveness
- reciprocity of liking
- similarity
- socioeconomic environment
--> economy low = curvier women more attractive
--> economy high = thinner women
- mood
91
what are prosocial behaviours
any behaviour done with the intention to help someone
--> regardless of motivation
92
what is altruism
- form of prosocial behaviour
- when we help because we care
RECIPROCAL altruism: "you help me i help you"
--> based on the reciprocity norm
93
what is the bystander effect
when someone needs help and other people are around, we are less liekly to step up than if we were alone
- diffusion of responsibility
- informational social influence
--> have the need to be right, and in an ambiguous situation we see what others do
- pluralistic ignorance
--> look at others for signs on what to do
94
what is compliance
going along with a request made to us
95
what are the different kinds of compliance
- direct
- manipulation
- foot in the door: start with small request
- door in the face: start with large request
- lowballing: start with a rlly good offer, then reveal hidden cost
96
what is abnormal psychology
the scientific study of mental illness and psychological disorders
97
what is MSS
Medical Student Syndrome
--> when medical students learn about infections and start diagnosing themselves with those conditions
98
what is DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
--> classifies psychological disorders, lists symptoms, criteria for diagnosis, and developmental course
--> doesn't provide explanation to why it exists or cause/effect
- relies heavily on medical model
- some categories are not reliable
99
person vs. identity first language
person first: "i have schizophrenia"
--> it is a part of me but just a part
identity first: "i am schizophrenic"
--> its a part of who i am and i own it
100
what are neurodevelopmental disorders
occur very early in life and interfere with normal development of neural system
--> affects motor, social, and cognitive function
101
what is ASD
AUSTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
- diff levels of severity
- normal development
symptoms:
- difficulty with social cues
- difficulty with human emotion
- difficulty shifting attention
- rigid thinking
- difficulty understanding perspective
- abnormal reaction to stimuli
- narrow range of interests
- prefer things to stay the same
102
what is the hallmark of schizophrenia
we lose touch with reality and experience psychotic episodes
- hits people in their late teens/early adulthood
103
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
something that should be there
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized thinking
- disorganized emotions
- disorganized behaviours
- disorganized speech
- attention
- catatonia
--> motor rigidity
104
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
something missing that should be there
- flat effect: no emotion
- avolition: significant reduction in motivation
- monotone speech
- alogia: almost complete absence of speech
- attention deficits
- social wihdrawal
105
what does a psychologist do
doctoral-level (Ph.D or Psy.D) professional who is trained to assess and treat psychological disorders
--> often provide psychotherapy
--> typically do not prescribe meds
- trained to conduct and consume research
106
who are psychiatrists
medical doctors who have specialized in assessment/treatment of psychological disorders
- as physicians, they pay special attention to how physical conditions affect mental health
- prescribe meds
107
who are psychiatric nurse practitioners
nurses with advanced training and education
- are able to prescribe and manage psychiatric medications
108
what are the 3 areas of specialization for a psychologist
- clinical: treat those with more severe mental healh concerns
- counseling: work with those who find it difficult to cope o life crises
- school: focus on learning and mental health needs of children in learning environments
109
who are clinical social workers
- must complete master's in social work
- provide mental health care to variety of populations in many settings
- focus on how mental health systems function within diff communities
- psychotherapy and advocacy work
- work to create practical solutions for problems that may make mental health concerns harder to treat
110
who are mental health counselors
complete a master's degree
provide diagnostic assessment and counseling to individuals
111
what is efficacy vs. effectiveness
evidence-based mental health treatments
efficacy: shows therapy to work under stictly controlled conditions
--> ability for research to produce desired outcomes
effectiveness: shows therapy to work in the real world
112
what is the biophysical model of treatment
the interactions of someone's biological, psychological, and social environment determines their risk for a psychological disorder
113
psychopharmacotherapy
- seeks to understand mental illness from a biological perspective
- psychiatrists and psychiatric nurse practitioners are trained in the anatomy of the brain
- focus on brain dysfunction that may contribute to mental illness
- mostly target neurotransmitters
114
what was the first antipsychotic drug
chlorpromazine
--> anti-histamine medication that had a strong sedative effect
- brand names thorazine and largactil
- used as anesthesia during surgery
- used with psychiatric patients
- tranquilizing effects manages psychotic behaviour
115
what are typical antipsychotics
the first generation of antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychotic disorders
--> reduces amt of DOPAMINE in brain
side effects:
- dry mouh
- blurred vision
- drowsiness
- dizziness
116
what are extrapyramidal symptoms
side-effect of antipsychotic medication that include physical ridity
--> disruption in ability to control body movement
117
what is tardive dyskinesia
involuntary and unwanted movements in the face, tongue, or arms
--> often persists even when typical antipsychotic is stopped
118
what are antidepressants
- medicinal treatments for depression
- amphetamine and opioids were too addictive and had many side effects, which called for alternatives
119
what are the 3 major classes of antidepressants
monoamine exidase inhibitors
tricyclic antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
120
what neurotransmitters is depression linked to
linked to decreases in:
serotonin: calming, feel good
norepinephrine: good mood, energy
dopamine: pleasure, good mood, motivation
glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter, asks neurons to fire and be active
monoamine fam: serotonin, norpinephrine, dopamine
121
what are the generations of antidepressants
first gen:
- MOA inhibitors
- tricyclics
--> both effective and enhance activities of monoamines
--> both are last resort bc of dangerous side effects
second/third gen
--> not effective
fourth gen:
- dual-reupake inhibitors
- enhance serotonin and norepinephrine
SSRIs --> effective as first gen, fewer side effects
122
what is prozac
- antidepressant medication
- enhance serotonin
- can enhance connections between certain parts of the brain
123
what is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- used in cases of treatment-resistant depression and schizophrenia
- electrical currents delivered to brain to induce seizures
- administered over course of several sessions
- patients sedated
relapse rate high
- effective in alleviating depressive symptoms 50-70%
side effects:
- mental confusion
- short term memory loss
124
what is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- non-invasive procedure that uses electromagnetic currents to stimulate portions of the brain
- produces electromagnetic pulses that feel like light taps on the head
- pulses pass through skull to brain where they increase/decrease neuronal activity
rTMS - repetitive TMS
--> pulses delivered in quick succession
--> produces longer-lasting changes to brain activity
side effects:
- mild headache
- fainting
- scalp pain
- seizure activity
125
what is psychosurgery
- an operation where psychological disorders are addressed using surgical procedures
--> collaborate w neurosurgeons
126
what was the earlist forms of psychosurgery
trepanation
prefrontal lobotomy was developed to treat severe cases of psychosis
--> severs connections between PFL and rest of brain
--> purpose of reduce severity of symptoms of mental disorders
side effects:
- seizures
- cognitive deficit
- death
127
what is deep brain stimulation (DBS)
modern form of psychosurgery
- involves implanting electrodes into the brain to electrically stimulate certain areas
- neurostimulator operates via battery
- current helps prevent signals that cause psychiatric symptoms
128
what is psychotherapy
- psychological approach to helping individuals overcome problematic thoughts
- referred to as talk therapy
- psychoherapeutic relationship marked by rapport --> individual's comfort and willingness to engage with therapist
129
what is couple's and family therapy (CFT)
form of psychotherapy that addresses the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of all members of a relationship unit
--> originally known as marriage and family therapy
couples therapy --> couple meets w therpist to help resolve difficulties within their relationship
family therapy --> addresses interpersonal difficultues within the familt unit
130
what is psychoanalysis
- helps clients gain more insight into their unconscious thoughts
resistance: patient stops cooperating
--> repression, denial, regression
transference: when a patient redirects feelings for another person onto the therapist
131
what is free association
saying everything that comes to mind with no censorship
132
eustress vs. distress
eustress : good stress
--> beneficial, motivates us
distress: bad stress
--> reduces motivation and impairs functioning
133
what is the yerkes-dodson law
outlines an inverted U-shaped curve for the relationship between stress and performance
134
what is the maximal adaptability model
emphasizes that humans and other organisms are actually highly adaptive to stressors
--> can maintain high levels of performance when experiencing underload/overload
135
what are stressors
external circumstances and stimuli that are perceived as having the potential to disturb someone's balanced state
136
what are stress responses
internal integrated psychological/biological responses to stressors tha work to restore a balanced state
137
what are the different kinds of stressors
acute: short-term external circumstances or stimuli
chronic: enduring external circumstances or stimuli
traumatic stressors: involving a threat to your own or another's life
138
what is the brain's role in stress response
- earliest stress response occurs in the AMYGDALA
- works with the hippocampus (filters experiences) and prefrontal cortex (higher-level processing)
--> pfc can increase/decrease amygdala response
139
what are the ANS and HPA
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
--> 2 branches work together to maintain homeostasis
--> activation of one supresses the other
- sympathetic nervous system: gas
- parasympathetic nervous system: brake
- coordinated by hypothalamus
HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS
--> releases cortisol from adrenal glands
- biological systems that produce specific hormones that travel through the bodies to coordinate our responses to a stressor
140
what is the fight or flight response
bodily reponse that allows humans to confront or flee from stressors
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- released from top of each kidney
141
what is meta-analysis
statistics from multiple studies combined to come up with a summary conclusion about a research question
142
primary vs. secondary appraisals
primary: based on your perceptions of the stressor's characteristics and how much demand it represents
secondary: based on your perceptions of the resources available for coping with a specific stressor
143
what is the challenge vs. threat theory
challenges: situations in which resources exceed the demands of the situation
threats: situations where demands exceed the available resources
144
what is the diathesis-stress model
theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness combined with stressful conditions
diathesis: predisposition for an illness
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psy1102
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