MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

Question

which dimensions of the FFM are linked to happiness

Answer 1

agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness

Answer 2

father of personality psychology

Answer 3

used factor analysis to initially identify 32 dimensions, which he narrowed down to 16

Answer 4

big five --> most influential trait perspective tdy

Answer 5

- standardized - valid - reliable - accepted by the scientific community and considered psychometrically sound

Answer 6

- allows us to accurately capture the characteristics of the person taking the test - allows us to make predictions about future performance or future psychological functioning

Answer 7

asking a series of questions to a particular individual or comparing the answers to these questions across several individuals to assess individual differences in the expression of personality

Answer 8

what you say reveals information about the nature of your personality the individual can respond in their own words with any response they see fit

Answer 9

BEHAVIOURAL: recording actual behaviours as they occur SELF-MONITORING: involves individuals recording the frequency with which they engage in particular behaviours or have certain feelings THOUGHT SAMPLING: individuals record the nature and frequency of the thoughts they have in certain situations

Answer 10

make it possible to assess a variety of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in a wide range of situations

Answer 11

"self-report inventories" --> ask a series of questions about yourself that are standardized and in a fixed format --> questions are predetermined (everyone takes the same questions in the same order) --> answers are fixed (e.g. T/F, agree/disagree), no short/long answer computer can review, score and interpret test

Answer 12

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory --> example of OBJECTIVE SELF-REPORT TECHNIQUE -->reliable, valid, and has predictive value --> items were emperically derived --> first published in 1930/40s, revised in 1980 --> 567 items --> 10 clinical scales to identify people suffering from psychological disorders --> contains a variety of different nonclinical scales that measure work, social, sexual, family, anger, personality attitudes --> designed to catch cheaters

Answer 13

MEDICAL SETTINGS Identify subtypes of pain disorders to evaluate psychological responses to medical treatments PERSONNEL SCREENING helps select employees for sensitive occupations (ex. safety officers, pilots, firefighters, police, hotline workers) CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS help determine the mental competency of defendants to stand trial, assist in classification of prisoners to predict their behaviour while incarcerated and evaluate validity of psychological/emotional damages suffered in personal injury disputes

Answer 14

linked and associated with the psychoanalytic perspective 2 types: ASSOCIATION CONSTRUCTION

Answer 15

access the unconscious mind and extract information from it to get honest answers from people by giving subjects ambiguous stimuli

Answer 16

stimuli that do not have one single objective answer --> different people can give different answers and are highly subjective --> whatever people say will reflect whats in their unconscious

Answer 17

ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUES present subjects with an ambiguous stimulus and ask what they are looking at CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES present subjects with a scene and ask, "what is going on here, what is the story"

Answer 18

the same person looking at the same stimulus is going to give different answers at different times the answers will be interpreted differently by different psychologists recommend to NOT use them

Answer 19

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL answer questions like "is there a link between different bodily processes (ex. heart rate) and personality? BIOCHEMICAL "is there a link between neurotransmitters/hormones/genes and personality" CORTICAL "is there a link between certain areas of the brain and personality?" lvl of activity in certain brain areas patterns of electrical brain activity

Answer 20

highly objectives

Answer 21

the biology of the brain and body are extremely complex the same neurotransmitter is linked with a variety of functions --> difficult to clarify the link between personality and diff biological processes

Answer 22

scientific study of how we influence and affect each other how the presence of others influences how we think, feel, behave

Answer 23

the explanation we offer as to why a behaviour occurred

Answer 24

DISPOSITIONAL/INTERNAL behaviours occur because this is who the person is and their characteristics SITUATIONAL behvaiour occurs because of external circumstances and situational factors INTERACTION can say a behaviour occurred because of an interaction between the situation and who the person is

Answer 25

when we are explaining the behaviours of other people, especially those we don't know, we are likely to disregard the situation --> rely heavily on dispositional attribution EXCEPTIONS - less likely to fall for this error if we're feeling compassion for the other person - when we are explaining our own behaviour - when we are explaining the behaviour of those we know/like - if we come from collectivistic cultures

Answer 26

as actors: when explaining our own behaviours we tend to take the situation into consideration as observers: more likely to use dispositional attribution

Answer 27

we take credit for our successes but blame failure on others to maintain or boost our self-esteem

Answer 28

tendency to believe others share our opinions much more than they actually do

Answer 29

process by which we form positive/negative feelings about another person/group

Answer 30

once an initial impression is formed, decreasing amounts of attention are given to subsequent information

Answer 31

NEGATIVE esp when negative information is received first

Answer 32

western culture: primacy effects more strongly impact impression formation japan culture: less likely to be affected by primacy effects

Answer 33

when our own beliefs/expectations WOULD become reality because of our own actions 1. we have a belief/expectation 2. we behave in line with those beliefs 3. because of our behaviours that expectation may come true

Answer 34

unwritten social rules on how to behave in certain situations differ between cultures

Answer 35

unwritten social rules about the sequence of steps to follow in certain situations

Answer 36

individualistic: individual is more important than the group - individual freedom collectivistic culture: group is considered more important than the individual - cooperation, community

Answer 37

when we adjust our behaviours so they are in line with those of a certain group certain level of conformity is essential for the smooth functioning of society

Answer 38

started research on conformity and performed LINE EXPERIMENT

Answer 39

- UNANIMOUS - OUT LOUD - AMBIGUOUS - DOUBT (ourselves) - ADMIRE (the group) - LOW SELF-ESTEEM - EXTERNAL LOC - (we come from) COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE - WOMEN (slightly more likely) - TEENAGERS under solomon asch

Answer 40

NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE we want to be liked/accepted INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE when we don't know what's going on, we turn to the group and follow them - we have the need to be right and have the right info

Answer 41

dysfunctional way of thinking that could occur in a group likely to occur when the #1 priority becomes pleasing the leader --> group is likely to make a bad decision --> people stop objecting/questioning

Answer 42

leader must encourage objections hire someone to criticize decisions of the group

Answer 43

performing a behaviour because we are given an order to do so by an authority figure certain level is essential for the functioning of society

Answer 44

did the shock experiment when free to choose only 3% went all the way

Answer 45

wanted to understand how social roles and the situations we were placed in can influence our behaviour STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT

Answer 46

our evaluation of something or someone --> can be positive/negative/neutral/indifferent 3 components: - COGNITIVE - EMOTIONAL - BEHAVIOURAL

Answer 47

yes and no they can be good predicators of behaviour, but under cirumstances where the attitude and behaviour are measured at the same level of SPECIFICITY

Answer 48

compliance technique used to manipulate people and increase the probability to do what they are asking --> start with small request so they say yes, then reveal the bigger request we actually wanted

Answer 49

FESTINGER experience cognitive dissonance when we notice a disrepancy between attitudes and behaviour --> state of uncomfortable psychological tension --> we are motivated to reduce this tension

Answer 50

tend to engage in: INGROUP FAVOURITISM --> see our group in a positive light and others in a negative one ENTHOCENTRISM --> perceive the values, traditions, of our group as superior to those of others and use these values as the golden standard perceive our group as HETEROGENOUS and others as HOMOGENOUS

Answer 51

attitudes and opinions about people based on the group they are affiliated with

Answer 52

associated with hate and consists of negative attitudes directed at groups that share a similar characteristic

Answer 53

parents and caregivers

Answer 54

prejudice relates to attitudes while discrimination relates to behavior

Answer 55

SCAPEGOAT: tendency to blame a less powerful person/group for one’s own problems REALISTIC CONFLICT THEORY: intergroup conflict created when 2+ groups are competing over real or perceived scarce resources

Answer 56

conducted by Sheriff et al. - Created conflict between 2 groups of 12 y/o boys at a Boy Scout camp - Entered a competition - Ingroup favouritism was immediately observed - To reduce realistic conflict between groups, they staged situations that required mutual interdependence - Vital for people of equal status to work together toward a common goal

Answer 57

GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY --> facilitates meeting people and encountering them --> the mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to a stimulus that is pleasant/neutral is associated with an increased liking of that particular stimulus PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS --> we associate attractiveness to higher social values even if we don't know them RECIPROCITY OF LIKING --> we like people who like us SIMILARITY --> attracted to people similar to us SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT --> when economy goes down, men tend to find curvier women attractive --> up = skinnier women HAPPY --> we find people more attractive when we are happy

Answer 58

any behaviour that is done with the intention to hurt, harm - we LEARN aggression via observation & modeling --> instrumental: when we aggress to get something else --> hostile: aggress just to hurt others - VERBAL - PHYSICAL - ONLINE

Answer 59

there is a genetic component --> identical twins are more similar in terms of aggression than fraternal twins MAOA --> when this gene has LITTLE activity, we are more likely to aggress

Answer 60

BRAIN --> aggression = low serotonin ---> amygdala linked with aggression HORMONES --> testosterone linked w aggression --> high stress hormones = aggression

Answer 61

when we have intense physical pain --> linked with aggression

Answer 62

Bobo doll experiment --> children modeling/copying adults

Answer 63

some cultures value violence and aggression more than others

Answer 64

violence in media can desensitize us to violence IRL --> more likely to tolerate high levels of aggression --> become more lenient towards perpetrators --> have less empathy for victims

Answer 65

when we have a genetic deficiency + maltreatment in childhood, we are more likely to engage in anti-social and aggressive behaviours later --> more likely than if we just had one of the two

Answer 66

any behaviour that is done with the intention to help someone regardless of motivation

Answer 67

ALTRUISM when we help only because we care RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM "you help me, i help you" RECIPROCITY NORM --> reciprocal altruism is based on the reciprocity norm

Answer 68

- Gender roles --> women are expected to engage in more altruistic behaviours than men - Women whose sex-type is incongruent with their gender (high masculinity) often need to deliberate pros/cons before helping because it is NOT INTUITIVE to them --> When relying on intuition over deliberation, altruism increased in women but not men - Men’s helping behaviours were unaffected by the use of intuition --> Continued to deliberate and were generally less likely to offer help

Answer 69

when someone needs help and other people are around, we are less likely to step up than if we were alone

Answer 70

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY when others are around we think that our help is not needed and expect others to do it INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE we need to be right, so in an ambiguous situation we tend to turn to other to see what to do PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE when we arr confused and turn to others, we don't know that others are confused too --> We see them doing nothing, we do nothing, but they also see us doing nothing, so they also do nothing

Answer 71

First step we must be able to notice that something is going on Second step we must determine that this is an emergency and help is needed. Third step we must decide on whether to take responsibility for help or not

Answer 72

when someone collapses on a subway train, bystander effect is less likely to occur - drunk person less likely to be helped than a sick person --> if someone helped the drunk person, it was usually someone of the same race - sick person less likely to be helped with blood present - race was NOT a factor - 90% of those who helped were men

Answer 73

going along with a request that is made to us

Answer 74

DIRECT clear, straightforward request MANIPULATION manipulate the person to increase the probability they will agree FOOT IN THE DOOR start by making a small request they say yes to, then hit them with a larger one DOOR IN THE FACE start by making a large request, knowing the person is likely to say no --> once they say no we make a smaller request which is the actual one LOWBALLING start by making the person a really food offer that is hard to resist --> once they say yes, we hit them with a hidden cost

Answer 75

scientific study of mental illness and psychological disorders 26% of people experience a mental illness in a given year

Answer 76

- no money, lack of resources - STIGMA: afraid of being judged poorly/negatively - NEGATIVE EUGENICS: policies and practices aimed at reducing or eliminating the frequency of "undesirable" genetic traits in a population

Answer 77

Medical Student Syndrome --> when medical students learn about infections of diseases, they start diagnosing themselves with the same conditions

Answer 78

Prompted reform in treating psychological disorders --> Individuals with psychological disorders tended to receive inhumane treatment in these cramped settings

Answer 79

A movement to reduce admissions to psychiatric hospitals, shorten lengths of stay, and improve the treatment that admitted individuals received

Answer 80

Schoolteacher and author who advocated for more humane treatment of the “insane” States began to fund specialized institutions to house and treat individuals with psychological disorders

Answer 81

DEVIANT: behaviour must be deviant --> statistical infrequency: only a small percent of the population engage in this behaviour (abnormal, not rare) --> culturally deviant: behaviour that deviate from social/cultural norms (doesn't automatically make it abnormal) DISTRESSING: behaviour causes distress to oneself or people around DYSFUNCTIONAL: behaviour interferes with ability to function effectively in everyday life DANGEROUS: behaviour is dangerous to oneself or others

Answer 82

DEMONIC MODEL for most of history, people believed abnormal behaviours were caused by possession from evil spirits MEDICAL MODEL started viewing mental illness as a brain disease that is biologically based --> Pinel advocated for compassion and the humane treatment of people with mental illness --> syphilis is an STD that, if left untreated, can lead to serious mental problems --> strengthened medical model BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE best perspective --> take into account both nature and nurture and their roles in mental illness

Answer 83

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) --> classifies psychological disorders --> lists symptoms, criteria present for a diagnosis, and details developmental course of disorder DOES NOT offer explanation to why it exists and DOES NOT explain cause and effect

Answer 84

OVER BLOATED has too many categories to the point where many of us can qualify for a disorder relies heavily on the MEDICAL MODEL and not enough on psychosocial cultural factors RELIABILITY some categories are reliable while others are not

Answer 85

NEGATIVE once a label is given, we begin to perceive the person through that label --> normal behaviour may be seen as abnormal POSITIVE likely to feel relieved because there is now a name for what is wrong with us --> can now get treatment and help other become more supportive/understanding

Answer 86

PERSON-FIRST LANGUAGE "I have schizophrenia" --> it is a part of me, but just a part IDENTITY-FIRST LANGUAGE "I am schizophrenic" --> it is part of who i am and i own it BOTH

Answer 87

occur very early in life and present at birth or shortly after --> interfere with normal development of the neural system, affecting motor, social, and cognitive function --> consequences can last a LIFETIME

Answer 88

Autism Spectrum Disorder --> different people display different levels of severity --> degree to which the development of someone diagnosed with ASD mirrors normal development

Answer 89

SOCIAL difficulty with social cues, eye contact, or relationships EMOTIONAL don't understand and have trouble reading/expressing emotions COGNITIVE --> ATTENTION: difficulty shifting attention --> FLEXIBILITY: thinking tends to be rigid, black and white --> PERSPECTIVE: difficulty understanding other people have different perspectives ABNORMAL REACTION react abnormally to sensory stimuli INTERESTS/ACTIVITIES tend to have very narrow range and repeat them over and over SAMENESS don't like things to change --> like routing and hate deviations

Answer 90

hallmark is when we lose touch with reality and experience psychotic episodes --> linked with profound distortions of sensation, perception, cognition, emotions, and motivation - known as the "cancer" of mental illness, 1% of people diagnosed - hit people in late teens/early adulthood - roughly same number of men and women, but men are likely to develop it earlier and more severe

Answer 91

symptoms that should not be there --> something added DELUSIONS highly irrational and false beliefs HALLUCINATIONS perception without sensation --> most common are auditory DISORGANIZED THINKING can't think clearly/logically, can't integrate information properly DISORGANIZED EMOTIONS may express emotions at inappropriate moments DISORGANIZED BEHAVIOURS inappropriate behaviours that don't match the situation DISORGANIZED SPEECH jump from one idea to the next mid-sentence --> word salad ATTENTION cannot focus attention CATATONIA --> MOTOR RIGIDITY: may get into a body position and stay like that for hours/days at a time

Answer 92

symptoms that should be there but are not FLAT AFFECT ability to experience and express emotions is severly reduced -->flat face and distant eyes AVOLITION significant reduction in motivation SPEECH slow and monotonous --> Alogia: almost the complete absence of speech ATTENTION DEFICITS can drift away for hours at a time SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL disconnect from family/friends --> become socially isolated

Answer 93

- attention - working memory - executive function

Answer 94

there are many different ways the disorder presents

Answer 95

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms include: - Sad mood - Loss of interest or pleasure in activities - Change in appetite, weight - Sleep difficulties - Physical slowness or agitation - Energy loss - Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt - Difficulty thinking or concentrating - Physical aches and pains - Recurring thoughts of death or suicide

Answer 96

- young people in developed countried are being diagnosed the most - #1 disability on the planet - women are 2X more likely to be diagnosed --> we are more economically valuable, we get paid less, and are more likely to be abused --> more demands on us than men stigma = men can't be emotional --> episodes of self-terminating = they can self-terminate on their own - if we don't manage them, the episodes will last longer, occur more, and hit harder

Answer 97

Bipolar and Related Disorder --> we cycle between 2 extremes of mood, mania, and depression Mania symptoms * Increased energy – activity & restlessness * Excessively euphoric mood * Extreme irritability * Overtalkative – racing thoughts and talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another * Distractibility – can’t concentrate well * Unrealistic belief in one’s abilities and powers (poor judgment and spending sprees) * Increased sexual drive * Abuse of drugs * Provocative, intrusive or aggressive behaviour * Denial that anything is wrong * Psychotic episodes

Answer 98

milder form of mania that doesn't experience psyhotic episodes and --> less severe symptoms

Answer 99

Bipolar I = major depression and mania Bipolar II = major depression and hypomania Cyclothymic disorder = a mild depression and hypomania

Answer 100

fear vs. anxiety some fears are highly adaptive and essential for survival --> can be maladaptive when over-exaggerated, interfering with ability to function effectively in everyday life a number of disorders have maladaptive anxiety in common

Answer 101

terrified of public spaces --> fear that if something bad happens, we won’t be able to escape or get help

Answer 102

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders there is a strong anxious component to OCD but there are differences characterized by preoccupations, rituals, and repetitive behaviors

Answer 103

OBSESSIONS: recurrent unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, fears, urges, or images COMPULSIONS: behaviors that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession --> Often rituals are performed to decrease or stop obsessive thoughts --> short relief period but must perform it again

Answer 104

perceived need to save items and becomes distressed about discarding them --> often report a sentimental attachment to their possessions CONCERNS --> quantity of a hoard soon takes over spaces that render these areas unusable --> can cause sanitation, fall, and fire hazards

Answer 105

could develop after trauma/severe distress 2 ways: DIRECT: in a plane crash INDIRECT: watching a plane crash single and repeated exposure

Answer 106

reliving trauma repeatedly could last a lifetime if untreated NERVOUS SYSTEM is overreactive, exaggerated stress response --> constant fight/flight avoid plans, people. situations that can trigger --> shut down emotionally may think poorly of ourselves, mood swings

Answer 107

could develop from trauma symptoms: dissociation

Answer 108

MEMORY (negative symptom) detach from memories, unaware of memory loss DEPERSONALIZATION (positive) disconnect from mind+body DEREALIZATION (positive) disconnect from world around us IDENTITY (positive) dissosiate from I.D. (DID)

Answer 109

Dissociative Identity Disorder After childhood trauma, we disconnect from our own ID AKA multiple personality disorder --> 1 peronality is shattered into SUBPERSONALITIES that are very different --> research suggests diff personalities have diff physical traits

Answer 110

1. no awareness of each other 2. aware, hear each other, know what the others are up to, like/hate each other 3. some are aware of others, but not mutual --> MOST COMMON

Answer 111

over-exaggerated response to physical symptoms

Answer 112

used to be known as Munchausen syndrome onset in adulthood IMPOSED ON ONESELF go out of way to appear sicker than we are --> happily go for invasic/painful procedures to be a patient IMPOSED ON ANOTHER: known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy --> view someone close to us to be sicker than they are --> person is dependent on them difficult to diagnose --> as soon as they're caught they go to another hospital 6-30% die

Answer 113

maladaptive/dysfunctional eating behaviours that lead to serious health problems ONSET: eating --> adolescent feeding (ARFID) --> childhood BULIMIA NERVOSA eating disorder --> binge eating episodes --> feel shame, resort to PURGING BINGE EATING DISORDER binge eating episodes, but no vomiting

Answer 114

eating of non-food substances, like dirt, hair, or soap, on a regular basis

Answer 115

problem controlling one’s emotions and behaviors (aggression) --> disregard the rights of others, social norms, or authority figures ONSET --> childhood/adolescence males more than females

Answer 116

the typical way we think/feel/behave is dysfunctional, inflexible, disruptive, and violates social standards less likely to get help bc we don't think we have a problem 10 total disorders

Answer 117

CLUSTER A: odd/eccentric cluster have extreme social detachment/withdrawal --> seriously distorted thinking and irrational beliefs CLUSTER B: dramatic/emotional poor impulse control, emotional regulation --> manipulate/violate rights of others CLUSTER C: fearful/anxious pathological fear of rejection/criticism --> overly dependeny for simplest decisions --> perfectionist

Answer 118

CLUSTER B - chronic instability in emotions, interests, relationships - bouts of rage/depression that could last hours - pathological fear of abandonment - emptiness - highly impulsive - high suicide rate

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

(143 cards)