1
Q
John Winthrop
A
- wealthy English Puritan lawyer
- leading figure in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
- also first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
2
Q
European Settlements in North American colonies
A
- began as early as 10th century when Norse sailors explored and settled areas on the shores of present-day Greenland and Canada
- extensive colonization began in 1492 with Christopher Columbus
- large scale European exploration, colonization, and industrial development followed shortly after
- Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas
- smaller powers such as France also founded colonies
- the period shortly after 1492 is known as the Columbian exchange; a dramatically widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease
- eventually the entire Western Hemisphere came under the ostensible control of European governments
- religious immigration
- forced immigration
- enslavement
3
Q
Triangular trade
A
- trade among three ports or regions
- usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come
4
Q
Middle passage
A
the sea journey taken by slave ships from West Africa to West Indies
5
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
the dramatic widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease starting with Columbus in the year 1492
6
Q
Religion in colonial settlements
A
- most colonies attempted to enforce strict religious observance
- laws mandated that everyone attend a house of worship and pay taxes that funded the salaries of minsters
- those who sought to proselytize a different version of Christianity or a different non-Christian faith were oftentimes persecuted
7
Q
French-Indian Wars 1754-1763
A
- AKA the Seven Years’ War
- North American conflict in the larger grand scale imperial war between Great Britain and France
- ended with the treaty of Paris in 1763
- the war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains but disputes over the frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent which would ultimately lead to the American Revolution
8
Q
Albany Plan of Union 1754
A
- plan to create a unified government for the 13 colonies
- the one with the flag of the snake divided into parts and the words “Join or Die”
- meant to encourage a unification of the colonies against Britain
9
Q
Stamp Act Congress 1765
A
- a meeting held between October 7 and October 25 in the year 1765 in NYC
- consisted of representatives from some of the British colonies in North America
- first gathering of selected representatives to devise a unified protest against the new taxation Britain had implemented
- “No taxation without representation”
- colonists despised the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act
- only nine colonies showed up
- Congress acknowledged Parliament’s right to make laws in the colonies but requested it provided the colonies with justification of such taxation
10
Q
Articles of Confederation
A
- the document that served as the United States’ first constitution
- in effect until the day the Constitution went into effect
- stemmed from wartime urgency
- under the articles, the states remained sovereign and independent with Congress serving as a last resort on appeal of disputes
- Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces, and coin money
- central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce
- these issues would lead to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 for the creation of new federal laws
11
Q
Federalism
A
- a system based upon democratic rules
- a group of members are bound together by agreement or covenant
- sovereignty is constitutionally shared between a central governing authority and constituent political units (states/provinces)
12
Q
Clay’s American system
A
- integrated American program
- protective tariff
- national bank jointly owned by private stockholders and federal government
- federal subsidies for transportation projects (internal improvements)
- consisted of certain similarities to the ideas of Alexander Hamilton
13
Q
Development of America’s infrastructure
A
an increasing amount of railroads and national roads were being built
14
Q
Manifest destiny
A
- the attitude/belief that the United States not only could but was destined to stretch from coast to coast no matter what stood in its way
- this attitude fueled western settlement
- also used as an excuse for the removal of Native Americans and Mexican War
15
Q
Expansion into Texas
during the post 1815 cotton boom, settlers poured into Eastern Texas in search of farmland
after Panic of 1819, many indebted Americans fled to Texas to escape creditors
by 1824 the Mexican government began to actively encourage the American colonization of Texas in order to promote trade and development
after a number of revolts, Mexico closed Texas to all American immigration and forbade new slaves to enter the territory
however Mexico was not powerful enough to enforce this
Mexican government grew increasingly unstable
Stephen Austin starts fighting for Texas’s independence
Battle at the Alamo was fought against Santa Anna’s army and lost
Battle at San Jacinto River was fought and won by the rebellion
Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as independent
A
- during the post 1815 cotton boom, settlers poured into Eastern Texas in search of farmland
- after Panic of 1819, many indebted Americans fled to Texas to escape creditors
- by 1824 the Mexican government began to actively encourage the American colonization of Texas in order to promote trade and development
- after a number of revolts, Mexico closed Texas to all American immigration and forbade new slaves to enter the territory
- however Mexico was not powerful enough to enforce this
- Mexican government grew increasingly unstable
- Stephen Austin starts fighting for Texas’s independence
- Battle at the Alamo was fought against Santa Anna’s army and lost
- Battle at San Jacinto River was fought and won by the rebellion
- Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as independent
16
Q
Expansion into California
A
- the constant stream of favorable reports from people already there resulted in a dramatic increase of American settlers in the far west
- most settlers headed for Sacramento
- a portion of the settlers were persecuted Mormons seeking freedom of religion
- trail networks were extremely difficult to travel and many people died
- California gold rush
17
Q
Dawes Severalty Act
A
- authorized the President of the US to survey Native American tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Natives
- meant to Americanize Native Americans
18
Q
Andrew Carnegie
A
- Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century
- built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the US and British empire
- started out as a telegrapher but very soon after already had investments made in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks
- Vertical Integration: controlled everything from mining to marketing. reduced costs and more efficient.
19
Q
John D. Rockefeller
A
- Initially used vertical integration to dominate Kerosene industry (lamps)
- Developed “horizontal integration” consolidated companies in one industry= monopolized market
- Used “trust” stockholders of smaller companies assigned stock to board of directors of standard oil company
- Survival of fittest: employed spies, received secret rebates from railroads and predatory pricing to chop down competition
- 1877 controlled 95% of all oil refineries in US
20
Q
Vertical Integration
A
- Carnegie’s method
- It is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing
- Makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency
- It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production
21
Q
Horizontal Integration
A
- Rockefeller’s method
- consolidated companies in one industry=monopolize market
22
Q
Social Darwinism
A
- claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society.
- justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.
23
Q
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
A
- Federalists were supporters of the Constitution.
- They were mostly wealthy and opposed anarchy.
- Their leaders included Jay, Hamilton, and Madison, who wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the Constitution.
- Anti Federalists were opponents of the Constitution
- they were mostly commoners who were afraid of strong central government and being taken advantage of.
- They included Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams.
24
Q
Abolitionists
A
- William Lloyd Garrison: published militantly anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
- Believed slavery should be ended immediately without compensation
- Said Constitution condoned slavery
- Favored Pacifism & women’s rights, anti Native American removal. Non Compromising
- Split Abolition Movement- less radical turned to politics
- Theodore Dwight Weld & Grimke Sisters: Wrote “American Slavery As It Is,” presented testimony from individual southerners about evils of slavery. Inspired “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
- American Antislavery Society: Founded by WL Garrison, flooded US with antislavery literature. Organized system for smuggling of slaves to freedom- underground railroad with Harriet Tubman. Bombarded Congress with antislavery petitions
25
Indian Removal Act
* Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi
* Treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
26
Marbury v. Madison
* Judiciary Act of 1801
* Federalist congress packed courts with 16 new federal judges bc they would be seated for life
* New Republican congress (under Jefferson) repeals
* Unseated Judge Marbury sued admin
* Supreme Court declared Judiciary Act of 1789 Unconstitutional
* Gives the Judicial Branch the authority to declare things passed by the govt to be Unconstitutional
27
King Jackson
* Nickname given to Andrew Jackson by the party that was created out of hatred for him, the Whigs
* Came from the fact that he ignored Supreme court and used veto often: 12 times
28
Events causing the Civil War
* Kentucky and Virginia Resolution 1798 -\> South Carolina Exposition 1828 -\> South Carolina Secedes 1860
* Texas becomes a state 1845
* Mexican War 1848
* Fugitive Slave Act 1850
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852
* Bleeding Kansas 1854
* Charles Sumner Attacked 1856
* Dred Scott Decision 1857
* Abraham Lincoln Elected 1860
29
Reconstruction Era
Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union; Southern resentment of this era lasted well into the twentieth century.
APUSH
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