Marbury v Madison (1803)
CAUSE: During Adams “lame duck” he tried to get as many Federalists in office as possible. Appointed a ton off people, one being the judge Marbury. Jefferson gets into office and tells Sec of State James Madison to not deliver commissions (already approved by Senate). Marbury pissed because commission weren’t received, so he took Madison to court.
EFFECT: established judicial (ability of the Supreme Court to decide if something is unconstitutional) Marbury denied his commission
McCullogh vs Maryland (1819)
CAUSE: (1816) Congress chartered Second Bank of US (1818) Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank. James W McCulloch refused to pay (unconstitutional)
EFFECT: Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the necessary + proper clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of US and that Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank
Worcester vs Georgia (1832)
CUASE: Laws passed in Georgia stating that only “Indians” could live in “Indian” territory. Non-Native Americans had to get special permission from the government to live on “Indian” land. Missionary (Worcester) and 5 others refused to move from “Indian” territory. (Also refused to get license to live on the land). Army arrested Worcester (and 5 others)
EFFECT: (W argued that the forced removal was a violation of their constitutional rights). Ruling in favor of Worcester. State government (Georgia) didn’t have the power to enforce law within lands outside of jurisdiction. Interactions between Georgia and Native Americans must be considered international talks.
John C Calhoun’s Positive Good Speech (1837)
- Anti abolitionist (pro slavery)
- Believed that slaves were fine and treated super well
- Written about the pros of slavery and consequences of emancipation
Frederick Douglass
- Former slave, became human rights leader and abolitionist
- First black citizen to hold high US govt rank
- Became anti-slavery lecturer
- British supporters of Douglass tried to buy his legal freedom, then returned to US as a free man
- Supporter of women’s rights (spoke at Seneca Falls- said he could not accept right to vote as a black man if women couldnt vote)
- First African American nominated to be VP
The American Colonization Society (1816)
- Created to assist (6000) free black people in emigrating to Africa
- Helped colonize Liberia
- Supporters: Clay, Charles Fenton Mercer, John Randolph, Richard Bland Lee
- Believed blacks would face better chances for a full life in Africa than the US, emancipation without removal would cause chaos and rebellions
- Most free African Americans thought of themselves as Americans, had no connection to Africa, were like WTF
- Garrison against ACS
William Lloyd Garrison
- White abolitionist
- Published militantly anti-slavery newspaper “The Liberator” (1831)
- Believed slavery should be ended immediately w/o compensation
- Attacked Constitution= condoned slavery
- Radical= Favored Pacifism, Women’s rights, anti-Native American removal. NON COMPROMISING
- formed American Anti Slavery Society
- Used the bible to discredit slavery “The Bible Against Slavery”
- Aided slave fugitives
- Petitions to Congress (anti congress)
- His radicalism split Abolitionist movement, less radical turned to politics. James Birney formed Liberty Party
Nativists
-Organized by native born New Yorkers
CAUSE: Hordes of ethnically diverse migrants altered city’s culture
-called for a halt of immigration ANTI IMMIGRANT (immigrants were Germans, Irish, and British)
-Afraid of Catholic Church, pope was anti-Christ
-Burned catholic churches, undercut unionism. Workers sided with protestant bosses over catholic workers
-cultural/political assault on foreign born residents
-Formed “Order of the Star Spangled Banner” and “Know-Nothing” Party
-(1844) Republican Party focused on nativism
Waltham Lowell System (1820s)
- Lowell, Massachusetts
- Boston Manufacturing Co recruiting of New England farm girls (who socially didnt work) to work in factories as a source of cheap labor
- Mill owners enforced strict curfew, prohibited alcohol, regular church attendance required, forbidden to form unions
- Initially women gained greater independence
- Experiment failed when competition and panics caused wage cuts and poor conditions -> women unionized and strike
- Mills turned to Irish immigrants as cheap labor
National Road (1811)
- Carried migrants + wagons westward
- Began in Maryland, ended in Illinois
- toll roads + turnpikes made
- Linked Potomac River+Ohio River
- AKA CUMBERLAND ROAD
- Main route to the west
- First highway (built with federal funds) (economic dept)
- Planned to be longer but lack of funds caused them to end
- Interrupted by War of 1812
Erie Canal
- Waterway connecting Hudson River and Lake Erie
- Financed by NY legislature
- Supported: merchants of NYC (wanted access to western markets) NY governor (proposed to finance waterway with the tax revenues)
- Market towns/farming communities sprang up beside canal first transportation from eastern seaboard to western interior that didn’t require portage
- Cut transport costs by about 95%
American System
- Clay’s integrated mercantilist program of national economic development similar to Commonwealth System
- Clay wanted to strengthen 2nd Bank, raise tariffs, raise money for internal improvements
- American system = financial plan
- Whigs supported, Not supported by Jackson
Jay’s Treaty (1795)
- Accepted GB’s “right” to stop neutral ships
- Compensate British merchants for pre-revolutionary war debt
- Allowed to illegally claim land in North West territory
- Ignored America’s claim that “free ships make free goods”
- Pro British policy
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
- Ended the War of 1812
- retained prewar borders of the US
- (1815) Jackson’s troops beat British making Jackson a hero -> Battle of New Orleans
- GB tired of fighting (too expensive)
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
- Proposed by John Quincy Adams
- Persuaded Spain to give US Florida
- US govt accepted Spain’s claim to Texas (leads to Texas revolution)
- Spain agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana
Tariff of 1828 (aka Tariff of Abominations)
- Taxed raw materials, textiles, and iron goods
- Enrages South
- Southerners blamed tax on Adams (tariff passed under his admin)
- Tariff was Jackson’s idea (supported by the North)
- End of Adams presidency
- Helped Jackson win presidency
Indian Removal Act (1830)
- Pushed by Jackson
- Created Indian territory on national lands in Louisiana Purchase (present day Oklahoma + Kansas)
- Promised money and reserved land to Native Americans who gave up ancestral land east of the Mississippi River
- Jackson sent troops to expel Native Americans who refused to leave land
Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831)
Native Americans were a domestic nation not a foreign nation (as claimed by the Cherokee)
Trail of Tears
Van Buren forced Native Americans out of their land and forced them to march 1200 miles
Missouri Compromise
- Prohibited slavery north of the Missouri Compromise (36’30 North latitude, exception: Missouri)
- Admission of Missouri and Maine into the union in order to maintain equal number of senators from free and slave states
- Plan devised by Henry Clay
- Maine=Free, Missouri=Slave
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
- Jefferson purchased Louisiana territory from Napoleon ($15 million)
- Forced Jefferson to accept loose interpretation of Constitution (no provision for adding new territory)
- Led to beginning of manifest destiny
- Doubled size of US
- Led to start of westward expansion
Abolitionists (1830s)
- Anti slavery activists
- Fought to end slavery without compensation
- David Walker (Boston)- “Appeal to the colored citizen”- slave revolts justified if freedom is delayed
- Nat Turner (Virginia)- led slave rebellion 55 killed (white) rebellion ended quickly (hanged by militia)
- > LED TO: Virginia Assembly debating law on gradual emancipation, colonization of Liberia. Bill failed. Slave codes worsened
- William Lloyd Garrison (white)- published “The Liberator” used the Bible to discredit slavery
The National Bank (1790)
- Hamilton’s idea
- Argued it was needed to create economic stability (standard currency)
- Opposed by Madison + Jefferson (said unconstitutional: strict)
- Washington supported, as well as Federalists
- Needed because: government had debt from Revolutionary War and each state had its own currency
- Jefferson agreed to BUS if US capital was moved to south
David Walker
- Abolitionist (free black)
- “An Appeal to the Colored Citizen” (pamphlet)
- Justified slave rebellion (warned of a slave revolt if justice was delayed)
