1
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
- the 19th century belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continent was not only justified but also inevitable.
- used as an excuse for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of natives
2
Q
The Wilmot Provision
A
- designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War (1846-1848)
- blocked by a south-dominated senate
- added to the growing controversy over slavery
- brought about the formation of the Republican Party in 1854
3
Q
The American or “Know-Nothing” Party
A
- prominent political party during 1840-1850’s
- based on nativist beliefs: strongly opposed immigrants and Catholics
- strongest in Massachusetts
4
Q
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A
- its ability to illustrate slavery’s effect on families helped readers learn to empathize with the enslaved characters
- impact: it humanized slaves and made it harder for people to remain indifferent to the institution of slavery
5
Q
Compromise of 1850
A
- 5 separate bills passed by US congress in September of 1850
- defused a 4-year political confrontation between slave and free states
6
Q
Dred Scott Decision of 1857
A
- a landmark decision by the US Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans whether enslaved or free could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing in federal courts
- background: Dred Scott was an enslaved African American man who had been taken by his owner to free territory and attempted to sue for his freedom
7
Q
The Republican Party of 1860
A
- mainly composed of northerners
- came to power in 1860 with the election of Lincoln as president
- principal opposition to the Democratic party
- oversaw the preservation of the union and the ending of slavery
- reshaped the federal and central governments during civil war
- introduced a new national banking system
- created massive private partnerships and fueled the emergence of industrial America
- protective tariffs to help build up American industries and it also helped pay off civil war debt
- transcontinental railroads
- enabled economic growth: the US was making more than it was spending
8
Q
Southern Secession
A
- 7 states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) withdrew from the union in 1860 and 1861 and formed a government known as the Confederacy
- happened because the states were convinced that their way of life (based on slavery) was threatened by the election of Lincoln as president
- hostilities towards the remaining union developed and the civil war soon followed
9
Q
Northern Democrats
A
- third section of the split US Democratic party during the election of 1864
- supported Lincoln administration
- split from southern democrats because of different views on slavery
10
Q
Copperheads
A
- Northerners who opposed the Civil War
- considered traitors by others in the North because they wanted immediate peace with the Confederacy
11
Q
Emancipation Proclamation
A
- followed the battle of Antietam
- declared all slaves within the rebellious states as free
- preliminary emancipation proclamation gave south until January 1, 1863 to return to the Union otherwise all their slaves would be granted freedom
12
Q
Advantages of the Confederacy vs. Union
A
-Union
had more people
enormous industrial advantage
control of navy = control of seas = control over imports
railroads
-Confederacy
fighting on familiar territory
resourceful: built gunpowder mills, melted down church bells to make into cannons, established armories
many great trained officers
source of all raw materials and a lot of food
13
Q
Fifty-four forty or fight!”
A
- Polk called for the expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon Territory (latitude line 54º40’)
- this was a popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds
14
Q
The Annexation of Texas in 1845
A
- admitted as the 28th state after declaring their independence from Republic of Mexico
- created controversy because it was a vast slave-holding region
- US didn’t want to have any problems with Mexican government which was refusing the acknowledge the sovereignty of Texas
- Texas got to keep its own public lands instead of turning them over to the federal government
- Texas also paid off its own debts instead of having the federal government assume them
- retained the right to divide into as many as five states in the future
15
Q
Election of 1844
A
- James K. Polk: Democrat - supported annexation of Texas (better than Van Buren because he believed in expansionism and manifest destiny and wanted to annex Texas + go after Oregon territory and reducing Tariff of 1846)
- Henry Clay: Whig - opposed the annexation of Texas
- Polk won - first “dark horse” candidate
16
Q
Slidell’s Mission
A
- John Slidell was a Democratic congressman from Louisiana
- sent to Mexico by Polk in November of 1845 to secure a boundary adjustment between the US and Mexico
17
Q
Free-soil Movement / Free-soilers
A
-opposed slavery because they believed it to be a threat to white people
-short-lived political party
-split of American political parties leads to this movement
Garrison condemned the party racist
18
Q
William Lloyd Garrison
A
- prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer
- published anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
- founder of American Anti-Slavery Society
19
Q
Popular Sovereignty
A
- the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people through their elected representatives who are the source of all political people
- basically, states can vote on slavery rather than the congress delegating which states were free/slave
20
Q
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
A
- passed by US congress on September 18, 1850
- part of the Compromise of 1850 between southern slave-holding interests and northern free-soilers
- the North got California and the South got fugitive slave act
- affected fleeing slaves:
1. as soon as they were accused of being a fleeing slave, they lost ability to vote on their behalf and were denied a trial by jury
2. the situation would then be handed over to a US commissioner who had sole discretion on deciding whether the person was a slave or not
3. commissioners got paid more if they determined the person was a fleeing slave
4. those aiding slaves were liable for jail sentences or Gov. fines
21
Q
Gadsden Purchase
A
US agrees to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico
22
Q
Stephen Douglas
A
- politician from Illinois
- designed Kansas-Nebraska Act
- US Representative + US Senator
- ran against Lincoln in 1860
- adopted the cause of popular sovereignty in relation to the issue of slavery in the territories before the American Civil War
23
Q
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
A
- created territories of Nebraska and Kansas
- opened new lands for settlement
- repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery or not
- ended HORRIBLY in fraudulent elections leading to Bleeding Kansas
- probably the single most significant event leading up to the Civil War
24
Q
1856 Presidential Election
A
- Stephen Douglas tried to run for Democrats but everyone hated him because of the ongoing violence in Kansas so instead James Buchanan was chosen because he had nothing to do with Kansas since he had been a minister for Britain
- Republicans ran their first presidential campaign choosing John C. Fremont who had no political record but held abolitionist views
- Democrats were largely blamed for Bleeding Kansas issue
- Buchanan won electoral votes but failed to gain a majority of pop. vote
- election brought a weak president to power in a badly divided nation
25
1858 Debate
- important to sectional conflicts over slavery and states’ rights
- total of seven debates throughout the state of Illinois
- Lincoln vs. Douglas
- Lincoln motivated by Kansas Nebraska Act
- Lincoln argued that slavery could make America forfeit its liberty
- Douglass argued that slavery could make America forfeit its destiny
26
Freeport Doctrine
Stephen Douglas’s doctrine
| in spite of the Dred Scott decision, slavery could be excluded from territories of the US by local legislation
27
John Brown
- white American abolitionist
- believed the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery was through armed insurrection (refusal of obedience or order)
- planned to start an uprising among the slaves after leading several attacks in Kansas
28
Crittenden Compromise of 1861
- unsuccessful proposal introduced by Kentucky senator John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1860
- aimed to resolve the US secession crisis of 1860-1861 by addressing the grievances that led the slave states of the US to contemplate secession
- protect slavery where it exists
- prohibit it North of 36º30’ line
- let people choose South of 36º30’ line
- Lincoln said no because it would allow slavery to further spread South and even into Latin America
- compromise fails to prevent secession
29
Battles in Virginia (June 25th to July 1st 1862)
- very important to the unfolding of the Civil War
- many civil war battles fought on Virginian soil
- leads to Robert E. Lee surrendering the Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysess S. Grant
30
Battle of Antietam
- aka Battle of Sharpsburg
- Union fails in capturing Richmond in battle of Bull Run 1861
- Southern General R.E. Lee wanted foreign intervention, to embarrass Lincoln’s government, and for the South to be recognized as separate so he struck the North
- Northern General McClellan stopped Lee’s Northward advance but was then removed from command because he did not pursue Lee
31
Enrollment Act of 1863
- aka Civil War Military Draft Act
| - legislation passed by the US Congress during the American Civil War to provide fresh manpower for the Union Army
32
US Sanitary Commission
private relief agency created by federal legislation on June 18, 1861 to support the sick and wounded soldiers of the US Army during Civil War
33
Confederacy vs. Union Financing of the Civil War
UNION
1. borrowed a lot of money but it was okay because it had a large industrial capacity so it wasn’t a huge risk for lenders
2. tariffs and taxation
CONFEDERACY:
1. borrowed a lot of money too but it posed a greater risk for lenders
2. printed huge amounts of money (leads to inflation later on)
34
Contraband
a term commonly used in the US military during the Civil War to describe a new status for certain escaped slaves or those who affiliated themselves with Union forces
35
Second Confiscation Act of July 1862
- stated that any confederate official, military or civilian, who did not surrender within 60 days of the act’s passage would have their slaves freed in criminal proceedings
- only applicable to Confederate areas that had already been occupied by the Union Army
36
Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863
- most important engagement of the Civil War
- battle seesaws for 3 days
- failure: “Pickett’s Charge”
1. the Confederate Army charges but holes in the fence funnel them making them perfect targets for the Union Army to fire at
37
Vicksburg 1863
- Grants’ armies entrap a Confederate army led by General Pemberton
- the loss of Pemberton’s army and hold on Mississippi led to split of Confederacy in half
38
Alabama
- after seceding from the US, it quickly joined the Confederacy
- being a slave state, it provided a significant source of troops, leaders, military material, supplies, food, horses, and mules
- however very little of the state’s cotton could be sold to help war funds
39
General Grant’s War Strategy 1864
- believed the Union should focus on Confederate army and not the capital
- “The art of war is simple enough. Find out where your enemy is. Get at him as soon as you can. Strike at him as hard as you can and as often as you can, and keep moving on.”
- strategy was very different from all the others
40
Presidential Campaign of 1864
- Lincoln vs. McClellan
- Lincoln wins with 212 electoral votes
- none of the Confederate states participated
- first time since Andrew Jackson in 1832 that a incumbent president won the re-election
41
13th Amendment
- passed by congress on January 31, 1865 and ratified on December 6, 1865
- abolished slavery in the US
- “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been dully convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction”
42
The South After Civil War 1865
- destruction, hunger, lawlessness, and violence
- more than a million African Americans were refugees, homeless, and separated from family during years of slavery
- white male population had been decimated as a result of the war
- government ceased to exist in many places
- southern infrastructure had been almost completely destroyed
43
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
- part of the blueprint for reconstruction
- stated that a Southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union
44
Wade – Davis Bill of 1864
- bill proposed for the Reconstruction of the South
- written by two radical republicans
- response in opposition to Lincoln’s 10% plan
- radicals in congress were afraid that slavery would continue if Lincoln continued being this lenient
45
Black Codes
- laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 after the Civil War
- had the intent and effect of restricting the freedoms of African Americans
- forced them to work in a labor economy based on low wages and/or debt
- ensured a stable labor supply that was basically exactly like slavery
46
The Freedmen’s Bureau
established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the US Civil War
47
Civil Rights Act of 1866
granted citizenship and the same rights held by the white citizens to all males in the US without any distinctions of race or previous conditions of slavery or involuntary servitude
48
Radical Reconstruction
- led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
- opposed a quick restoration of the South
- increased federal power
- passed Reconstruction act of 1867 (military)
49
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
- Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 by firing the secretary of war
- house of reps impeached Johnson for “infringing on the power of congress” because he did not consult congress before firing sec of war
- this was all just a giant set up because no one liked Johnson so everyone wanted an excuse to get him out
- he did not end up getting kicked out because one Republican thought it was unfair
50
1868 Presidential Election
- Grant vs. Seymour
- first election to take place after Civil War
- Republicans favored radical reconstruction and wanted to punish the South for its role in the war
- Democrats pledged for a softer reconstruction
- Grant wins
51
15th Amendment
- states could not deny the right to vote via race, color, or previous condition of servitude
- this meant African American males could vote but no women could
- caused a split in women’s movement
- amendment did not prevent poll taxes or literacy tests
1. poll taxes: had to pay to vote and many African Americans couldn’t afford to
2. literacy tests: could be randomly issued to voters because you had to be able to read in order to vote and many African Americans were not able to vote
52
Grant Administration
involves many scandals and fraudulent activities during the Gilded Age associated with his administration
53
Elizabeth Cady
- mad because 15th amendment gave African American males the right to vote but still no women could
- American suffragist
- social activist
- abolitionist
- leading figure of early women’s rights movement
54
Suffrage to African American Males Impact
- led to a split in the women’s movement
- led to Grant winning the election because of the new voters
- promoted great controversy on whether or not they should be allowed
55
Women Suffrage Movement Post Civil War
- Stanton refused to support African American male suffrage if women were not also enfranchised
- Stanton and Anthony founded their own women’s rights party
- NWSA: National Woman Suffrage Association
1. considered a radical organization
2. did not support 15th amendment
3. did not seek to include men in leadership positions
- Stone and Howe founded their own women’s rights party
- AWSA: American Woman Suffrage Association
1. considered a moderate organization
2. supported 15th amendment
3. sought to include men in leadership positions
56
Sharecroppers
- born out of a destroyed South
- laborers who had everything they needed except the land became tenant farmers
- they rented fields and had freedom to plant whatever crops they needed
- but as more freedmen became sharecroppers, rules became regulated
- it became a way for wealthy whites to continue dominating society and keep blacks repressed well beyond the Civil War
- land owners opened stores to sell materials to the sharecroppers that they could not grow themselves
- sharecroppers then became indebted to the owner because the prices of the materials at the store were incredibly high
- indebted sharecroppers were forced to remain on land until debt was paid
- very hard to pay off debt
57
Scalawags
- opportunists who came from the North and sought to benefit from the misfortunes of the South
- also known as carpet-baggers
- would play essential role in shaping new Southern governments during reconstruction
58
Civil Right’s Act of 1875
- aka Enforcement Act or Force Act
- US federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service
59
Ku Klux Klan
- emerged in 1865
- led by Nathan Bedford Forrest
- prevented African Americans from voting by terrorizing them
- used terror, violence, and trickery to get what they wanted
- congress passed Enforcement Act of 1870 to counteract their efforts but it was too late, the election was over and democrats had won
60
Rutherford B. Hayes
- 19th president of the US
- oversaw the reconstruction
- began efforts that led to civil reform
- attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War
61
1876 Presidential Election
- one of the most disputed elections in history
- Tilden outpolled Hayes in popular and electoral vote
- nation was in another state of crisis and another civil war was rumored to break out (Grant strengthened the army in Washington just in case)
- Hayes = Republican
- Tilden = Democrat
- the overwhelming amount of votes caused people to wonder if the votes had been counted fairly
- especially since many Republicans knew about the intimidating tactics that Southern Democrats used to keep African Americans away from polls
- Republicans promised to end harsh Reconstruction policies if the South supported Hayes
62
14th Amendment
gave civil rights and citizenship to people born or naturalized in the US
63
Munn v. Illinois
US Supreme Court case in which the US Supreme Court upheld the power of the government to regulate private industries
64
Homestead Act
- signed into law by Lincoln on May 20, 1862
- encouraged Western migration by providing settlers with 160 acres of public land
- in exchange homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land
65
Gold Standard
- system by which the value of a currency was defined in terms of gold, for which the currency could be exchanged
- US ceased minting silver dollars and retired the Civil War Greenbacks
- this caused a massive deflation and created a struggle between hard money advocates and debtors who wanted “cheap money” printed
66
Transcontinental Railroad
- connected all parts of the US
- in 1865 the US had 35,000 miles of railroad
- in 1900 the US had 192,556 miles of railroad
- rather than building railroads, the US government focused on private industries
- the US government then provided loans, subsidies, and grants of public land
- the land around that land would increase in value and would then be sold
67
Sand Creek Massacre
- atrocity in the American Indian Wars that occurred on Nov 29, 1864
- a 700 man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in Southeastern Colorado territory killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Native Americans
- 2/3 of those killed or mutilated were women and children
68
Exoduster
- name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late 19th century as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879
- first general migration of African Americans following the Civil War
69
Lonewolf v Hitchcock
- US Supreme Court case brought against the US government by the Kiowa Chief Lone Wolf who charged that Native American tribes under the Medicine Lodge Treaty had been defrauded of land by Congressional actions in violation of the treaty.
- the court declared that the plenary power of the US Congress gave it authority to unilaterally abrogate treaty obligations between the US and Native American tribes
70
Ghost Dance Movement
-originated among Paiute Native Americans around 1870
tide of the movement came in 1889 with a Paiute shaman Wovoka
-Wovoka had a vision during a sun eclipse in 1889
in this vision he saw the second coming of Christ and received warning about the evils of white man
71
Dawes Severalty Act
- aka General Allotment Act
- adopted by Congress in 1887
- authorized the President of the US to survey Native American tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Native Americans
APUSH
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
# Cards
