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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Define imperfective Aspect

A

-Describes a continuous action
-with the present ptc the action occurs at the same time as the action of the main verb

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2
Q

Define Perfective Aspect

A

-Describes an undefined action, viewing it as a whole
- As a participle, can describe action happening before the main verb

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3
Q

Define Combinative Aspect

A

-Indicates a completed action that has consequences in the speakers present

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4
Q

What is a Periphrastic Participle?

A

participle ending in “-ing”H

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5
Q

What is the participle form of eimi intranslation?

A

“to be”

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6
Q

A participle serves what two purposes?

A

adjective and verb

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7
Q

What are the four uses of a participle?

A

-Attributive
-Substantive
-Adverbial (predicate)
-Genetive Absolute

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8
Q

What are the three translations of the present participle? (adverbial imperfective)

A
  1. “-ing” ending
  2. Temporal use “while”
  3. Causal use “because”
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9
Q

How do you translate a Aorist participle? (Adverbial perfective)

A

It CAN tell you the ptc happened before the main verb, but not always.

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10
Q

What is the adverbial predicate position (ptc)?

A

the article is NOT directly in front of the participle

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11
Q

What is a Genetive Absolute?

A

It is a noun or pronoun and a participle, both are in genitive case (agree in gender and number), that are not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence. The word in genitive will act as if it were the subject of the participle.

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12
Q

How should you translate the Genitive Absolute?

A

As an adverbial (temporal) participle.
Present= while
Aorist= after

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13
Q

What is the subjunctive mood?

A

The mood not of reality but possibility or probability

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14
Q

What are they key words for the subjunctive mood?

A

May (present) / might (aorist)

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15
Q

What does the present subjunctive indicate?

A

continuous, progressive, repeated, or habitual action

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16
Q

What does the aorist subjunctive indicate?

A

undefined action. Simple action with no regard to process.

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17
Q

the indefinite nature of subjunctives usually places the possible action in what time?

A

future, rather than passive or present

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18
Q

How can you recognize the subjunctive mood?

A

lengthened connecting vowels
ο/ε -> ω/η

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19
Q

What are the two main uses of the subjunctive mood?

A

Dependent Clauses and Independent Clauses

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20
Q

What are the the three dependent Clauses of the subjunctive mood?

A
  1. ἵva + the subjunctive
  2. εάν + the subjunctive:
  3. ἄ by itself or in combination with another word + subjunctive
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21
Q

How do you translate ἵνα + the subjunctive?

A

-Purpose: ἵνα (in order that)
-negation: ἵνα μή (lest)

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22
Q

How do you translate εάν + the subjunctive?

A

a conditional statement is an “if … then …” sentence.

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23
Q

What do Protasis and Apodosis?

A

Protasis: if
Apodosis: then
- IF the portasis is true, the apodosis is certainly true

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24
Q

How do you translate ἄv by itself or in combination with another word + subjunctive?

A

When the word ν makes a statement more general or hypothetical

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25
What are the two uses of independent subjunctive Clauses?
Hortatory subjunctive and deliberative subjunctive
26
How do you translate the hortatory subjunctive?
The first person subjunctive, either singular or plural, can be used as a suggestion, exhortation, or encouragement. It will usually at the beginning of the sentence. Use “let me” or “let us” in your translation.
27
How do you translate deliberative subjunctive?
When a person asks a question and the answer is uncertain, the verb in the question is put in the subjunctive. Frequently translated in English with “should” or “shall.
28
What is the "subject" in the accusative use of the infinitive?
There often is a noun in the accusative that acts as if it were the subject of the infinitive.
29
What is the substantive use of the infinitive?
The infinitive acts like a noun, functioning as the subject or object of a verb
30
What is the complimentary infinitive?
The infinitive is often used to complete a thought begun by the main verb?
31
What is the purpose use of the infinitive
Expresses purpose "in order that" with our without the article
32
What is the result use of the infinitive?
ὥστε can be followed as a way of indicating the result of some action. Because we do not have a similar use of the infinitive in English, you will translate this infinitive with a finite verb.
33
What is the indirect discourse infinitive? How will you translate it?
If you intent to repeat the basic idea of what someone else said, while not claiming to use the exact words. Translate as a finite or regular verb.
34
What is the preposition + articular infinitive usage?
The articular infinitive is preceded by a preposition. The case is determined by the preposition
35
What are (is) the reason prep + articular infinitive usage?
διά (accusative) meaning “because”, “since,” or “for”
36
What are (is) the purpose prep + articular infinitive usage?
εἰς (accusative) meaning “in order that” πρός (accusative) meaning “in order that”
37
What are (is) the temporal prep + articular infinitive usage?
*πρό (genitive) meaning “before” *ἐν (dative) meaning “when/while” *μετά (accusative) meaning after
38
What is the imperative mood?
An imperative can be a command (“Read this book!”), a prohibition (“Don’t read this book!”), or a request (“Please read this book.”).
39
What are the three ways to translate the imperative mood?
-Command -Request - Prohibition
40
How do you translate a command imperative?
"Follow me!" OR "Let them/him follow me"
41
How do you know it is the request imperative? How do you translate it?
-expresses a request made by a person of subordinate status to a person of superior status. Usually, include "please"
42
How do you translate a prohibition imperative?
μηS μεριμν τεᾶ τ ψὺχ μ νῇῇὑῶ. -Do not worry about your life (Matt 6:25)
43
What is the optative mood?
Expresses: - wish/desire - possibility (less certain than subjunctive) - Polite requests (in indirect discourse or soften statements)
44
What are the four classes of μι verbs?
μὶ verbs are classified by their stem vowel. 1. *δο → δίδωμὶ I give; entrust 2. *θε → τίθημὶ I put, place 3. *στα → στἵημὶ I stand 4. *δεὶκνὺ, *δεὶκ → δείκνὺμὶ I show, explain
45
True or false, if you know one pattern you know them all (mi verbs)
true (somehow)
46
True or False: Whatever δίδωμι does in the future, τίθημι will also do in the future, although the stem vowel will be an η instead of ω.
true
47
What is the first rule of μι verbs?
They reduplicate their initial stem letter to form the present and Imperfect, separated by an iota
48
What is the second rule of μι verbs?
They do not ordinarily use a connecting vowel in the present, aorist, and perfect indicative. They use a connecting vowel in the imperfect and future indicative.
49
What is the third rule of μι verbs?
They can employ three different endings in the present active indicative- μι, σι, ασι all other indicative forms use primary or secondary active or middle passive personal endings.
50
What is the fourth rule of μι verbs?
the stem vowel of mi verbs can lengthen, shorten, or drop out. They often use long vowels in the sg and short vowels in the plural
51
What is the fifth rule of μι verbs?
most of the mi verbs use ka in their tense formative in aorist
52
What is the first Aorist translated as in mi verbs
transitive (causative root)- I raise
53
What is the second aorist translated as in mi verbs
intransitive (a simple/root meaning)- I rise
54
define Tense
Tense is the characteristic of a verb that expresses aspect (the way the author or speaker envisions the action) and, in the indicative mood, time. * the term “tense” refers only to the form of the Greek verb
55
What is important to remember about time in Greek
Whereas in English tense focuses on time, in Greek tense is only concerned with time in the indicative mood. * The term “time” describes when the action of the verb occurs from the standpoint of the speaker/writer, not the reader!
56
What is the mark of the perfect system?
Reduplication
57
What are the three ways to do consonantal religion?
-If a verb begins with a single consonant, that consonant is reduplicated and the two consonants are separated by an ε -If the consonant that was reduplicated is φ, χ, or θ, the reduplicated consonant will change to π, κ, or τ, respectively. This makes the word easier to pronounce. -If the verb begins with two consonants: - If the second consonant is a λ or ρ, then the verb will usually reduplicate * γράφω → γέγραφα - In all other cases: there is not consonantal reduplication * *γνω (γινώσκω) → ἔγνωκα
58
How does vocalic reduplication work?
If a verb begins with a vowel or diphthong, the vowel is lengthened. Vocalic reduplication is identical in form to the augment in the imperfect and aorist. (not all diphthongs reduplicate)
59
How does a compound verb reduplicate?
A compound verb reduplicates the verbal part of a compound verb, just like the imperfect and aorist augment the verbal part of a compound.
60
Define participle
a participle is a verbal adjective, sharing characteristics of both a verb and an adjective:
61
How does a participle act as a verb and an adjective?
as a verb, a participle has tense (present, aorist, perfect) and voice (active, middle, passive); as an adjective, a participle agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender.
62
How do you translate the active and middle participle?
add “-ing”
63
How do you translate in the passive participle?
being “-ed”
64
What determined the time of an action?
The main verb
65
What are the three participle usages?
-Adverbial (predicate position) -Attributive Adjective position -Substantival Participles
66
How do you recognize the Adverbial (predicate) position?
1. “-ing” 2. Temporal use: use key word “while” 3. Causal use: use keyword “because”
67
How do you translate Aorist (perfective) Adverbial (predicate) participle?
Add keyword “after,” or “having ___”
68
How can you recognize the attributive adjective position? (participle)
The article occurs directly info front of the participle which modifies an expressed noun or pronoun.
69
How do you translate the attributive adjective participle?
add key words “who,” “which/that,” or “-ing” form.
70
What does the participle agree with in the noun it modifies?
Gender, case, and number
71
What is the attributive adjectival position construction?
the article + noun + article + modifier construction
72
How does the substantival participle function?
functions as a noun
73
How do you translate the perfect active?
I have ___
74
How do you translate the perfect mid/pas?
I have ____ myself / I have been _____-ed
75
How do you tranlsate the pluperfect active?
I had___
76
How do you translate the pluperfect M/P
I had been ____
77
How you translate present active part
(while) “loosing”
78
How do you translate present mid/pas ptc?
Mid- Loosing myself Pass- being loosed
79
how do you translate the ptc eimi
being
80
How do you translate 1 Aor Active ptc
After loosing/having loosed
81
How do you translate the 1 Aorist Middle Ptc?
After looking myself (dep)/ having loosed for oneself
Greek
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