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Midterm! Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven vowels?

A

α ε η ι ο υ ω
(alpha, epsilon, eta, iota, omicron, upsilon, Omega)

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2
Q

What is a Gamma Nasal?

A

is a . . . gamma pronounced like a ‘n’. A gamma is pronounced this way when it precedes another γ or a κ,
χ, or ξ. yy+ [ng]

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3
Q

What is a diphthong?

A

Consist of two vowels that produce one sound (the second letter always being either ι or υ): αι ει οι αυ ου υι ευ ηυ

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4
Q

What is an improper diphthong?

A

a vowel and an iota subscript. The iota subscript makes no difference to
pronunciation but is significant for translation

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5
Q

Where do breathing marks occur?

A

accompany all words that begin with a vowel (and are placed over the second of the two letters that form a
diphthong).

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6
Q

What is a smooth breaking mark?

A

A smooth ( ̓) breathing mark is silent

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7
Q

What is a rough breathing mark?

A

A rough ( ̔) breathing mark makes a ‘h’ sound; all words beginning with ρ or υ take a rough breathing mark. (not pronounced on rho)

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8
Q

What is a diaeresis?

A

( ̈) stands over the second of two vowels that normally form a diphthong but in this case do not and reminds the
reader that the two vowels are pronounced separately.

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9
Q

What is an apostrophe/ Elision

A

Often in Greek, when a preposition ends in a vowel and the following word begins in a vowel (e.g., ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπων) the vowel at the end of the preposition drops off (is elided) and its place is marked by an apostrophe (e.g., ἀπ ̓ ἀνθρώπων). This process is called elision (because the vowel is elided).

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10
Q

What are the three types of accents and what did/do they do?

A

(acute [ ´], grave [ `], and circumflex [ ͂]) originally marked pitch, but eventually came to mark stress

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11
Q

What is a postpositive word?

A

a postpositive is a word that cannot be the first word in a sentence or clause, even though in your translation it
is the first word. It usually is the second word and sometimes the third” Δέ is a postpositive.

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12
Q

What is a noun?

A

“A noun is a word that stands for someone or something”

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13
Q

What is the number of a word?

A

Words can be either singular or plural, depending upon whether they refer to one, or more than one” As in English, inflections allow readers and hearers to distinguish between singular and plural noun forms.

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14
Q

What are the genders of Greek words?

A

Greek has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter and there are different forms (inflections) for each gender.

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15
Q

What is different about genders in Greek and English?

A

In general pronouns have the gender that we Anglophones would expect: he is masculine; she is feminine; and it is neuter. But nouns do not follow this pattern consistently: rock is feminine and stone is masculine.

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16
Q

What is the lexical form?

A

he form in which a dictionary lists a word. (Nominative singular)

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17
Q

What is the inflection of a word?

A

Changes in the form of a word, depending upon its meaning (e.g., man; men) or its function in the sentence (e.g.,
she; her)

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18
Q

What are declensions?

A

-Basic patterns of inflection in which a group of nouns, adjectives, etc., appears. -The word sometimes describes the
various forms in which any noun (adjective, or pronoun) appears and sometimes the pattern of inflections that characterizes an entire group of nouns. (It can also describe the act of declining a particular word.)

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19
Q

What is the case of a word?

A

The form of a noun (adjective, etc.) that helps one determine its function in the sentence. Together with context, case
indicates a noun’s (adjective’s, etc.) job description.

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20
Q

Nouns are in the nominative if they:

A

i. function as the subject of a verb.
ii. function as a predicate nominative.
iii. stand in apposition to another noun in the nominative case.

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21
Q

What is the subject?

A

Subject: The person or thing that performs the action to which the verb refers.

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22
Q

What is the predicate nominative?

A

Predicate Nominative: Whereas direct objects refer to someone (or thing)
other than the subject and receive the action of the verb, predicate nominatives (whether nouns or adjectives)
complete a linking (equative) verb by referring back to the subject. E.g., The water is cold.

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23
Q

What does the genitive case do?

A

-Mainly, indicate possession.
-additionally, be the object of a prep, stand in apposition to another noun in a genitive case

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24
Q

What is the key word of the genitive case?

A

“of”

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25
What does the dative case do?
-mainly, for the indirect object. Thus, the dative case is used to indicate the person (or thing) ‘to or for whom’ the action of the verb is accomplished. -Additional uses i. be the object of a preposition; ii. stand in apposition to another noun in the dative case; iii. function as the direct object of a verb (e.g., πιστεύω can take an object in either the dative or accusative case)
26
What are the key words for the dative case?
the dative case - ‘to’, ‘in’, and ‘with,’ but of these, ‘to’ is the most common
27
What is the indirect object?
“[T]he person/thing that is ‘indirectly’ affected by the action of the verb”
28
What does the accusative case do?
functions as the direct object of a verb. -In addition they can i. be the object of a preposition; ii. stand in apposition to another noun in the accusative case
29
What is the direct object?
The person or thing that receives the action to which the verb refers or, ‘that is directly affected by the action of the verb’
30
What are the 8 noun rules?
1. “Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third. 2. Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative. 3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural. 4. In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible. a. Because an iota can subscript only under a vowel (in which case the vowel lengthens), it subscripts only in the first and second declensions. 5. Vowels often change their length (‘ablaut’). 6. In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter will always be identical” 7. A tau cannot stand at the end of a word and will drop off 8. Stops plus ‘σ’
31
What are the Labial letters?
π β φ (pi, beta, phi)
32
Labial letter + sigma =
ψ (psi)
33
What are the Velar letters?
κ γ χ (kappa, gamma, chi)
34
Velar letters + sigma =
ξ
35
What are the Dental letters?
τ δ θ (tau, Delta, Theta)
36
Dental letters + Sigma =
σ (sigma)
37
What is the movable Nu?
movable nu is a nu occurring at the end of a word that ends with a vowel when that word is followed by a word beginning with a vowel (e.g., εἰσὶν αὐτοί)”
38
When might a movable nu e used even when the following word begins with a consonant?
Dative plural
39
What is he indefinite article?
There is no indefinite article in Greek, but that does not mean that a noun is never indefinite in Greek. As such, we will often have to include an English indefinite article in our translation.
40
What is a definite article?
The definite article (the) makes a noun (or other substantive) definite. In Greek, there are masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of the definite article.
41
What is the law of Concord in articles?
The article always agrees with the noun that it modifies in gender, number, and case.
42
How to use an article with names?
Although Greek often uses an article before a proper name, your English translation can omit the article
43
Articles with abstract nouns
ill often have articles that will go untranslated in English This, however, does not mean that the presence of the article in these cases will have no significance in exegesis.
44
how is ὁ δέ translated?
When you find the phrase ὁ δέ, the article is usually functioning as a personal pronoun, [and may be translated] ‘but he’”
45
Articles and prepositional phrases:
-The article is showing you that the following prepositional phrase is in attributive relationship to [the substantive]” -Usually you will translate the prepositional phrase with a ‘relative clause’. “The article will be in the same case, number, and gender as the noun. This way you can tell what word the prepositional phrase modifies”
46
What is an adjective?
an adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun [or another adjective]
47
What is an attributive adjective?
This is simply the typical use of the adjective; here it is used to highlight one of the attributes of the substantive or adjective that it modifies.
48
How does the law of concord impact attributive adjectives?
Used attributively, adjectives agree with the substantives they modify in gender, number, and case
49
How can you recognize attributive position?
An adjective in attributive position is immediately preceded by the article”
50
What is the first attributive position?
ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος article- adj - noun
51
What is the second attributive position?
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀγαθός article- noun- article - adj
52
What is the substantival use of an adjective?
Here, instead of modifying a noun, the adjective takes the place of a noun -Used this way, the adjective can have any of the functions that a noun has and its case will be determined by its function in its sentence.
53
How are the gender and number of a substantival adjective determined?
determined by what it stands for. For example, if it stands for a single entity, and that entity is masculine, then the adjective would be masculine singular”
54
Which gender is used generically in substantive adjectives?
The masculine gender is also used generically; οἱ ἀγαθοί could be translated ‘the good ones’ or ‘the good people’ as well as ‘the good men’
55
What is a predicate adjective?
When an adjective functions as a predicate, it does not modify another word but rather asserts – predicates – something about the subject”
56
What must you do with the predicate adjective?
Supply the verb is
57
What is a pronoun?
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. . . . A personal pronoun is a pronoun that replaces a noun referring to a person. . . . The word that a pronoun refers back to . . . is the antecedent”
58
How is the case, gender and number determined in pronouns?
[T]he case of the pronoun is determined by its function. . . . Its gender and number are determined by its antecedent”
59
What is an adjectival intensive?
-“αὐτός can also function intensively when it is used adjectivally. -In this case αὐτός normally modifies another word and is usually in the predicate position. -Translate αὐτός with the reflexive pronoun (himself, herself, itself, themselves, etc.)”
60
What is the identical adjective?
αὐτός is sometimes used as the identical adjective meaning ‘same.’ It is normally in the attributive position when used this way, but not always. Its case, number, and gender are determined by the word it modifies, as is the case with any adjective”
61
What is a preposition ?
A preposition is a word that shows how a noun or a pronoun is related to some other word in the sentence”
62
What is the object of a preposition?
The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that completes a prepositional phrase. A preposition must always have an object”
63
What is a pure alpha stem noun?
A pure alpha noun is one whose stem ends in a vowel (usually ε, ι, or ρ) before the final α of the stem. Pattern: If the stem ends in ε, ι, or ρ, the α of the stem remains α in all cases (it doesn’t change to η in the singular).
64
What is an impure alpha stem noun?
Definition: A impure alpha noun is one whose stem ends in a consonant other than ε, ι, or ρ before the final α. Pattern: In the singular, the α changes to η in all cases except the nominative (and acc for doxa). In the plural, it usually returns to α in all forms.
65
What is unique about 1 declension feminine nouns stems ending in eta?
They will use eta in the singular and alpha (except in genitive) in the plural
66
Why does προφήτης have the accusative plural προφήτας instead of προφήτους?
Because προφήτης is a masculine first declension noun, not second declension. ➤ First declension accusative plural ending = -ας ➤ Second declension accusative plural ending = -ους basically, keep the alpha
67
What are some 1st declension masc nouns?
Prophetes, neanias (young man), satanas (satan, adversary)
68
What is the gender of ῥῆμα
Neuter
69
What is the gender of πόλις
feminine
70
What is the gender of πατήρ
MasculineW
71
What is the gender of ἀνήρ
Masculine
72
What is the gender of πνεῦμα
Neuter
73
What is the gender of μήτηρ
Feminine
74
What is the gender of ἐλπις
Feminine
75
What is the gender of χαρις
Feminine
76
What is the gender of γυνη
Feminine
77
What is the gender of σαρξ
Feminine
78
What is the gender of θελημα
neuter
79
What gender is ὑδωρ
Neuter
80
What gender is φως
Neuter
81
What gender is ονομα
Neuter
82
What is the gender of σωμα
Neuter
83
What gender is Ιερουσαλημ
Feminine
84
What gender is πλοιον
Neuter
85
What is the gender of πιστις, πιστεως
Feminine
86
What gender is χειρ
Feminine
87
What is the gender of πους
Masculine
88
What are the three main uses of αὐτός?
1. Personal pronoun "it, she, he" 2. Adjectival intensive – “himself, herself, itself, themselves” 3. Identical adjective – “same”
89
When you see an article before a prepositional phrase, what does it mean?
It means the prepositional phrase is attributive — it’s describing the noun, like an adjective. The article shows that the phrase modifies the noun. The article will match the noun in case, number, and gender. Translate it as a relative clause (who, which, that).
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