Final Review Flashcards

(72 cards)

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Federal Regulatory Bodies - What is the purpose of Federal Regulatory Bodies?

A

They exist to ensure any level of healthcare provider or facility gives care that is high in quality and safety.

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3
Q

Federal Regulatory Bodies - What is the role of The Joint Commission (JCAHO)?

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It accredits all members of a Healthcare Organization.

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4
Q

Federal Regulatory Bodies - What is the role of the American Nurses Association (ANA)?

A

It helps to set standards and scopes of practice.

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5
Q

State Regulation - What is the Nurse Practice Act (NPA)?

A

The law governing nursing practice in each state that provides individual rules on scope of practice and guidance for action.

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6
Q

State Regulation - Who uses the NPA for enforcement?

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The State Boards of Nursing.

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7
Q

State Board of Nursing - What is its primary authority?

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It has the power to regulate nursing practice as stated in the Nurse Practice Act.

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8
Q

State Board of Nursing - What is its main responsibility?

A

Protecting the health, safety, and welfare of patients against sub-standard care.

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9
Q

State Board of Nursing - What are its key duties?

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Making/enforcing regulations, setting education standards, setting licensure fees, ensuring background checks, issuing licenses, and carrying out disciplinary processes.

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10
Q

Allied Healthcare Team - Who are considered “Providers”?

A

Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, and Physician’s Assistants.

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11
Q

Evidence Based Practice (EBP) - What is it?

A

A problem-solving approach integrating best evidence from studies, patient care data, clinician expertise, and patient preferences/values.

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12
Q

Evidence Based Practice - What are its three main components?

A
  1. Best available evidence, 2. Clinical experience/expertise, 3. Patient input/expectations.
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13
Q

Research vs. EBP - What is the purpose of Research?

A

To generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge based on theory.

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14
Q

Research vs. EBP - What is the purpose of EBP?

A

To use the best available evidence to make informed patient-care decisions.

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15
Q

Infection Control - What is the goal?

A

To prevent and stop the spread of infection in healthcare settings.

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16
Q

Standard Precautions - What is the core principle?

A

Everyone is assumed to be infected; precautions apply to all patients to protect against bloodborne pathogens.

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17
Q

Contact Precautions - When are they used?

A

For known/suspected infections transmitted by physical contact (e.g., C. diff, MRSA, Scabies).

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18
Q

Contact Precautions - What PPE is required?

A

Gown and Gloves (Face Shield if close contact with fluids).

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19
Q

Airborne Precautions - When are they used?

A

For infections transmitted through aerosolized means (e.g., Measles, Tuberculosis, Varicella).

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20
Q

Airborne Precautions - What PPE is required?

A

Gown and N-95 respirator. (Patient wears mask during transport).

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21
Q

Droplet Precautions - When are they used?

A

For infections transmitted by respiratory microdroplets (e.g., Pertussis, Meningitis, Rubella).

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22
Q

Droplet Precautions - What PPE is required?

A

Gown, Gloves, Face Mask, and Goggles or Face Shield.

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23
Q

Communication Styles - Describe a Passive Communicator.

A

Avoids expressing needs directly; may appear timid or withdrawn; uses phrases like “whatever you want.”

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24
Q

Communication Styles - Describe an Aggressive Communicator.

A

Prioritizes own needs over others; may appear domineering/rude; uses blaming, interrupting, or yelling.

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25
Communication Styles - Describe an Assertive Communicator.
Clearly states needs while respecting others; actively listens; goal is to find solutions for everyone.
26
Therapeutic Communication - What is the goal?
To establish a trusting relationship, build rapport, and facilitate healing.
27
Therapeutic Responses - Give examples.
Giving recognition, summarizing, offering hope, seeking clarification, showing empathy, offering humor.
28
Non-Therapeutic Responses - Give examples.
Asking "why" questions, arguing, showing sympathy (vs empathy), giving personal opinions.
29
De-escalation - What is it?
Techniques to prevent/mitigate violent situations (e.g., aware of non-verbal cues, using polite phrases, having an escape plan).
30
Pain - How is it defined?
An unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage; whatever the patient says it is.
31
Pain Types - What is Acute Pain?
Pain limited in duration and due to a specific cause.
32
Pain Types - What is Chronic Pain?
Pain that is ongoing and persistent for at least 6 months.
33
Patient Self Determination Act - What does it allow?
Allows patients to make decisions about their own medical care and create advanced directives.
34
Advanced Directives - What are they?
Documents stating clearly a patient’s desires about their own end-of-life care.
35
Palliative Care - What is the focus?
Helping individuals with chronic disease live with comfort and dignity; treatment is not curative (does not treat root cause).
36
Hospice Care - What is the focus?
Managing symptoms and improving quality of life for individuals at the end of life (requires terminal illness diagnosis).
37
Fall Prevention - List key strategies.
Keep items close, lock bed/wheelchair wheels, non-skid shoes, remove clutter, wipe spills immediately, keep bed in lowest position.
38
Safety Strategies - How can medication errors be prevented?
Do not use error-prone abbreviations, use "3 checks," follow "Rights" of administration, use standardized checklists.
39
Fire Safety - What does RACE stand for?
Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish.
40
Fire Safety - What does PASS stand for? (Fire Extinguisher)
Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep.
41
Compassion Fatigue - Definition
Physical/mental exhaustion and emotional withdrawal experienced by those caring for sick/traumatized people over time.
42
Burnout - Definition
Emotional, physical, and mental fatigue caused by excessive and prolonged stress (symptoms: extreme tiredness, hatred of job).
43
Self Care - Why is it important?
It is necessary to maintain well-being and prevent burnout/compassion fatigue; "taking care of yourself first."
44
Vitals: Pulse - What is the normal range?
60-99 beats per minute.
45
Vitals: Respirations - What is the normal range?
12-20 breaths per minute.
46
Respiratory Terminology - What is Bradypnea?
Less than 12 breaths per minute.
47
Respiratory Terminology - What is Tachypnea?
Greater than 18-20 breaths per minute.
48
Respiratory Terminology - What is Apnea?
Complete absence of breathing.
49
Blood Pressure - What is Hypertension?
High BP: Systolic >120 AND Diastolic >80 mmHg.
50
Blood Pressure - What is Hypotension?
Low BP: Systolic <90 AND Diastolic <60 mmHg.
51
Blood Pressure - What is Orthostatic Hypotension?
Low BP occurring due to sudden changes in position or movement.
52
Blood Pressure - What is Pulse Pressure?
The difference between systolic and diastolic readings.
53
Equipment - What is a Sphygmomanometer?
A device used to measure blood pressure (BP cuff).
54
Temperature - What is Hyperthermia/Febrile?
Higher than normal temperature (>37.5° C); Fever.
55
Temperature - What is Hypothermia?
Lower than normal temperature (<35.5° C).
56
Rehabilitation - What is the goal?
To help people regain the highest level of function possible; assist in performing ADLs and promote independence.
57
Immobility - What are potential complications?
Pressure ulcers, muscle atrophy, constipation, pneumonia/atelectasis, blood clots (DVT), depression.
58
Canes - How should it be positioned?
Top should reach wrist crease; hold in hand opposite the injured leg.
59
Canes - How to walk?
Move cane + injured leg, then move good leg.
60
Canes - How to use on stairs?
Up: Good leg first, then injured leg. Down: Cane first, then injured leg, then good leg.
61
Walkers - How to walk?
Push walker one step ahead, move injured leg to middle, push down on grips, bring good leg even.
62
Walkers - Important safety rule?
Never climb stairs or use an escalator with a walker.
63
Crutches - Proper positioning?
1-2 inches below armpits; weight should rest on hands, not underarms.
64
Crutches - How to walk?
Crutches forward, shift weight to crutches, swing body through, finish with good leg.
65
Senses Terminology - What is Olfactory?
Sense of Smell (Nose).
66
Senses Terminology - What is Gustatory?
Sense of Taste (Tongue).
67
Senses Terminology - What is Tactile?
Sense of Touch (Skin).
68
Eye Conditions - What is Macular Degeneration?
Loss of central vision; leading cause of legal blindness in those over 60.
69
Eye Conditions - What are Cataracts?
Opacity of the lens causing clouded/blurred vision.
70
Eye Conditions - What is Glaucoma?
Elevated intraocular pressure damaging the optic nerve; loss of peripheral vision.
71
Eye Conditions - What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
Damage to blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes; leading cause of blindness in adults with diabetes.
72
Eye Conditions - What is Presbyopia?
Lens loses flexibility with age; impairs near vision (farsightedness caused by aging).