1
Q
What are the properties and components of skeletal muscle?
A
- striated
- voluntary
- contains hundreds of nuclei
- myofiber-skeletal muscle cell
- runs the full length of muscle
- made of myofibrils
- sarcomeres (functional unit of muscle)
2
Q
what are the cells like in skeletal muscles
A
- single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations
3
Q
What are the properties and components of cardiac muscle?
A
- in the heart
- involuntary
- cotains only 1-2 nuclei
- purkinjes fibers (act as nerves and conduct messages to help heart beat properly)
4
Q
What are the properties and components of smooth muscle?
A
- non-striated
- involuntary
- found in digestive tract and other organs (moves food)
5
Q
what are the cells like in cardiac muscles
A
- branching chains, striations, intercalated discs
6
Q
what are the cells like in smooth muscles
A
single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations
7
Q
What are afferent nerves?
A
sensory
- messages caried from outer parts of body brain
8
Q
what are efferent nerves
A
motor
- messages leaving the brain to parts of the body, causing action to take place
9
Q
what do nerves use for signals?
A
potassium and sodium
10
Q
whats the cell body of the nerve
A
contains nuclei and organelles, located in CNS and PNS
11
Q
what is the axon
A
- conducts impulses away from cell body
12
Q
what is a dendrite
A
- conducts impulses toward cell body
13
Q
what are the neurotransmitters used to polarize nerves to send messages?
A
acetylcholine and epinephrine
14
Q
what is the myelin sheath
A
allows messages to travel faster
15
Q
what are organelles?
A
“little organs”
- the functioning components in cells
- aid in the vital functions of cells
16
Q
what is the mitochondria
A
- produces energy and controls metabolism
- if injured, cells may die or not function
- have inner projections called cristae
17
Q
what are cristae
A
- projections in the mitochondria contain enzymes (aid in cell metabolism)
18
Q
what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- interconnecting tubular system in the cell
- related to production of the cell’s secretions for use in and out of cell
Ex: saliva - function is controlled by RNA
19
Q
what is the rough ER
A
- has ribosomes and produces proteins
ex: proteins in saliva
20
Q
what is smooth ER?
A
aids in metabolism of carbs, detox, production of lipids
21
Q
what is the golgi apparatus?
A
- flat, saclike layers in cells that package the cell products for transport outside of the cells
- receives proteins after they are produced in the ER
22
Q
what are lysosomes?
A
- small and membrane bound structures that scavenge for damaged organelles or harmful substances in cells
- contain power enzymes which are released if the lysosome is damaged, and the consume the cell
- called suicide bags
23
Q
what are microfilaments?
A
- solid filaments part of cytoskeleton
- composed of actin
- found in all cells EXCEPT mature erythrocytes
24
Q
what are microtubules?
A
- hollow ultrastructural filament of cytoskeleton
- scaffolding of cell to keep structure’s shape
- usually associated with motility of cilia/flagells
25
cilia
latin for "eyelash"
motile or non-motile
26
flagella
tail-like
27
centrioles
aid in mitosis by helping to align the poles of the dividing cell
28
what are cellular inclusions
- not produced in cells, but are stored
glycogen or lipids
29
cartilage
- non- calcified
- chondrocytes and chondroblasts
- CT that gives form to parts of body
30
what is appositional growth
cartilage growth from adding to the surface
31
what is interstitial growth
chondrocytes inside cartilage undergo cell division and enlargement
32
what is hyaline cartilage
- allows bone of arms and legs to lengthen
have fine collagenous fibers
located in: ear, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bone parts
33
what is elastic cartilage
- elastic fibers
located in: firm but flexible part of ear, epiglottis over larynx, eustachian tube
34
what is fibro cartilage
- contains lots of collagen fibers
located in: intervertebral discs, TMJ
35
what are the 3 germ layers?
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- entoderm
36
what does the ectoderm form?
ecto= outside
- epidermis of skin, CNS, hair, sclera, sweat, salivary, and sebaceous glands
DENTAL: enamel, anterior 2/3 of tongue
37
what does the mesoderm form?
meso=middle
- squamous lining of abdominal and thoracic cavity, blood vessels, muscles, bone, cartilage, CT, lymphatics
DENTAL: muscles of tongue, dentin, pulp, alveolar bone, cementum, PDL
38
what does the endoderm form?
endo=inside
- epithelium of digestive tract, glands, resp epithelium, liver, pancreatic and other glands
DENTAL: posterior 1/3 of tongue
39
ovum
0-2 weeks
- develop surrounding membranes to nourish and protect it
- cells differentiate into the 3 germ layers
40
embryo
3-8 weeks
dev stage:
- early features of face
- heart beats first time
3-4 mm head to tail
41
fetus
9+ weeks
- growth stage
42
when does the migration to create the lip take place? what is involved? and where is the zone of migration?
3-6 weeks (6 weeks=complete); medial nasal process and maxillary process; nasal fin
43
what is formed from the medial nasal process?
- primary palate: forms 7-10 and incisive papilla, and nasal septum
44
what is formed by the maxillary processes?
secondary palate:
- maxillary canines, pre-molars and molars
- soft palate
- uvula
45
when does fusion of the palate occur/process?
7-11 weeks
6.5-7 weeks: secondary palate starts formation
7-8 weeks: max processes fuse w primary palate
11 weeks: completion (ends with uvula)
46
what is a median palatine cyst?
in area of secondary palate and nasal septum
47
what is a globulomaxillary cyst
primary AND secondary palate involved
6-7 or 10-11
48
what is a cleft palate?
unilateral: only 1/2 palatal processes fuses w/ nasal septum
bilateral: neither palatal process fuses with opposing process or the nasal septum
49
Know the pharyngeal arch table
:)))))
50
what processes form the lip and palate?
medial nasal process and maxillary processes
51
what is a harelip
a midline cleft lip
lack of migration between the medial nasal processes
52
what are the pharyngeal arches and their names?
I: mandibular arch (forms max and mand)
II: hyoid arch
III-VI: don't have specific names
53
what arch is not really developed
V
54
what are the first signs of tooth development?
- seen in 6th week
- stratified squamous epithelium begins to thicken and it grows downward into underlying CT
- begins in areas of teeth at midline and moves posterior
- 8 weeks there are 20 localized thickenings
55
what is the dental lamina?
- the thickening of growing underlying CT (SSE thickening)
56
bud stage
- initial budding from dental lamina
- 1st stage in dev the enamel organ
57
cap stage
2nd stage
3 components:
- OEE
- IEE
- SR
58
bell stage
- begins when stratum intermedium
- concavity becomes more defined
- SI is made of several layers of flattened squamous cells lying b/n the IEE and SR
- 4 layers
59
what is successional lamina?
- L growth of dental lamina that forms permanent incisors, canines, and premolars
- succedaneous tooth with primary predecessor
- nonsuccedaneous tooth with NO primary predecessor
60
mineralization
HA is deposited
61
maturation
HA grows and enlarges
62
what mineralizes enamel
tomes process
63
what mineralizes dentin
odontoblastic process
64
what is the primary enamel cuticle
aka Nasmyth's membrane
- occurs after production of enamel stops
65
mineralization of enamel?
96% inorganic
4% organic
66
mineralization of dentin?
70% inorganic
30% primarily organic of collagen, mucopolysaccharide ground subtance and water
67
mineralization of cementum?
45-50% inorganic
50-55% organic
68
mineralization of bone?
65% inorganic
35% organic
69
What does the dental sac form?
PAC- periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum
70
Difference between IEE pre ameloblast and ameloblast
in bell stage Pre ameloblast is when it gets taller and ameloblast is when it polarizes
71
Anomalies in enamel
Hypocalcified: Low enamel
Hypoplastic: thin enamel
Lanellae: Cracks in enamel
Enamel tufts: Hypocalcified enamel @ DEJ
Enamel spindles: Ondontoblastic process trapped in enamel
72
3 layers of dentin
tubule-opening that runs for DEJ/CEJ to pulp- ondontoblastic process
intertubular- BULK OF DENTIN, peritubular- immediately surrounds the tubule MOST CALCIFIED
73
REE
Reduced Enamel Epithelium- ameloeoblast flattens and blends with the remaining cells of the enamel organ and becomes this. The REE becomes epithelial attachment which attaches gingiva to the tooth
74
Primary dentin
Starts with tooth formation and ends prior to eruption
75
Secondary dentin
Starts with eruption and ends with contact of opposing tooth
76
Tertiary dentin
Starts at contact and beyond DENSE AND UNORGANIZED
77
Tertiary dentin causes
Occlusal trauma, mechanical trauma, and chemical acids
78
Striae of retzius
Brown lines ONLY SEEN IN MICROSCOPIC
79
Imbrication lines vs incremental lines
Imbrication lines are seen clinical and incremental lines are microscopic
80
Names of periodontal ligaments
Dentinoginigval
Alveolgingival
Dentoperisteal
CIrcumfrental
Transeptal
Horizontal
Oblique
APical
Intradicular
Alveolar crest
81
Locations of periodontal ligaments
Dentinoginigval- cementum to free gingiva
Alveolgingival- crest to gingva
Dentoperisteal- cervical over the crest
Circumferential- circles tooth
Transeptal- tooth to tooth
Horizontal- horizontal
Oblique- diagonal
Apical- apex to bone
Intradicular- furcations
Alveolar crest- AC to CEJ
82
Pulp stone location
Free pulp stone: Free floating
Attached: Dentin wall
Embedded: Attached and covered by dentin wall
83
Cortical vs cribriform vs cancellous bone vs alveolar crest vs bundle bone
Cortical: Buccal/lingual not on rads, compact bone
Cribriform: (Socket, alveolar bone proper) on rads its the lamina dura. Always remodeling
Cancellous: aka spongy bone. You can see it on rads. Bone marrow.
Alveolar Crest: Indicator of periodontal health
Bundle Bone: Thickened bone
84
Rests of Malassez vs hertwigs epithelial root sheath
HERS moves into the periodontal root sheet and becomes rests of malassez.
85
Cervical loop
Where the IEE and OEE meet
86
Epithelial diaphragm
Horizontal growth
87
Cellular vs acellular cementum
Acellular cementum have no cementum growth cervical 2/3. Apical 1/3 is cellular which can grow more cementum due to trauma
88
Hypercementosis
Overgrowth of cementum as a trauma response
89
CEJ orientations
overlap is 7-14%
meet- 50-70%
gap is 10-40%
90
PDL sensation
Pain, pressure, Temp- hot cold
PULP CAN ONLY FEEL PAIN
91
What are sharpeys fibers
portion of the perio ligament embedded into the bone or cementum
92
How do the anterior permanent teeth erupt compared to the posterior permanent teeth
Anterior erupt lingually
Posterior right underneath
93
Start and stop times of pre-eruptive, eruptive and post eruptive stages
Pre- Starts with early crown development ends with root development
Eruptive- Starts with root development ends when the tooth contacts the opposing tooth
Post- contacts the tooth and beyond
94
Gubernacular cord
Once the dental sac/ dental follical makes way for eruption
95
Spacial Growth
When the tooth develops and gets larger it has the appearance of movement
96
Excentric growth
Like a balloon. Not even growth which looks uneven looks like its moving
97
4 ways teeth move in the eruptive stages
Supraerruption
Mesial drift
Mandible grows- so max grows with it
As teeth wear they move together
98
Non keratinized/parakeratinized/keratinized features in the corneum layer
Non keratinized/Parakeratinized: Found on lips, floor of the mouth, labia mucosa, buccal mucosa, alveolar mucosa, COL, sulcus, ventral tongue, and soft palate
Keratinized: gingiva and hard palate
99
Which type of oral mucosa is considered non-keratinized
Labial mucosa, buccal mucosa and alveolar mucosa
100
Features of the basale layer
Reduces some cell growth- cellular division
101
Exfoliate definition
Lose tooth? Push out? Idk i couldnt find it and feel like this one is obvious
102
Retained primary tooth causes
Ankylosis
No perm successor
Not erupted correctly
Retained primary roots
Abnormalities
103
Passive eruption stages
AE- enamel only
Ae on enamel on cementum
AE at CEJ
AE on cementum (recession)
104
United oral epithelium
REE combines with the united oral epithelium
105
Keratinization of hard palate and gingiva
Increased interdigitalized
Small submucosa
Coral pink, stippled, firm
106
Feature of filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate
Filiform: tactile sensation, no taste buds, hairlike
Fungiform- red raised, and rounded- have tastebuds
Circumvallate: 13 C shape. Divides 1/3 and 2/3. glands of van ebnar.
Foliate: lateral surface, few tastebuds
107
Copula
third step of tongue formation
108
Lateral lingula swellings
1st step of tongue formation
109
Tuberculum impar
2nd step of tongue formation
110
Type of mucosa on the tongue
masticatory on top and lining on the underside
111
Muscles of the tongue
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Verticle
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
112
Which one is not an extrinsic muscle of the tongue
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Verticle
113
Germ layers of the tongue
Posterior 1/3 of endoderm and anterior 2/3 comes from ectoderm
114
Merocrine vs holocrine secretion
Merocrine: Exocrine glands ducts system and compound tubularalveolar glands (many branches)
Holocrine: Endocrine gland blood vessels and simple straight tub.
115
Features of the salivary ducts
Interlobular, staiated, intercalate, and lumens
116
Mucous
Flat nuclei, large lumen, thick, ropey, 99% h20 and 1% Na, K, Cl. Decreases amylase
117
Serous
Round nuceli, small hard to see, thin, primary source of amylase
118
Seromucous
Flat and round nuceli, large lumen- serious demilune CAP
119
Function of saliva
Amylase
Immunuglobulins
Anitbacterial lysosomes
pH buffer
Prepares bolus ot swallow
Lubricate oral mucosa
Role in dehydration
Speech
120
How is saliva secreted
Myoepithelial cell contracts to squeeze out saliva
121
Serous demilune vs myoepithelial cells
Serous demilune is a seromucous and myoepithelial cells contract to squeeze out the saliva
122
What is amylase
Chemical in saliva that breaks down starch
Embryo
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