final unit 1

Question 1

What does the phrase “form follows function” imply?

Answer 1

Anatomical structures are designed (form) to perform their specific functions.

Question 2

Anatomy studies?

Answer 2

FORM

Question 3

Physiology examines how the body functions

Answer 3

FUNCTION

Question 4

What is a good way to manage time in preparation for your class?

Answer 4

Regular, daily short, minimize distraction utilize active learning tables and drawing group, resources.

Question 5

What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body?

Answer 5

Chemical - atoms molecules macromolecules.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most complex structural level of organization?

Answer 6

Organism.

Question 7

Coronal

Answer 7

“frontal” plane-divides into front and back.

Question 8

Traverse

Answer 8

(cross section) plane divides into top and bottom parts.

Question 9

Midsagittal

Answer 9

(median) plane-vertical equal left and right parts.

Question 10

Sagittal

Answer 10

plane-like midsagittal but unequal.

Question 11

Oblique plane

Answer 11

-angled pass through.

Question 12

Which organ system supports the body and protects internal organs?

Answer 12

skeletal.

Question 13

Describe the appearance of the body in the anatomical position ?

Answer 13

upright stance, feet parallel and flat on the floor limbs at sides, palms face anteriorly, level head, eyes look forward.

Question 14

Which directional term indicates the front side of the body?

Answer 14

anterior.

Question 15

Select the appropriate directional term to complete the sentence. The mouth is —- the nose.

Answer 15

Distal.

Question 16

What major organs are housed in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 16

Lung, Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea major blood vessels that connect to the heart.

Question 17

Pleurisy is the inflammation of the serous membranes surrounding the lungs. With pleurisy, the inflamed membranes may secrete more serous fluid than normal. Predict the effects of excess serous fluid on serous membrane function.

Answer 17

They don’t rub smooth anymore layers are rough and irritating and painful.

Question 18

List the four quadrants and nine regions of the abdominal pelvic cavity.

Answer 18

Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region 4 quads right upper RUQ, Left upper (LUQ) right lower (RLQ), lower left (LLQ).

Question 19

What is deep to the visceral pericardium?

Answer 19

Heart or myocardium.

Question 20

What part of a feedback loop causes physiological responses to return the variable to the normal homeostatic range?

Answer 20

effector.

Question 21

When you go outside on a hot summer day, your body temperature heats up above the normal range. Receptors in your brain detect the change in body. The brain activates nerve cells that send messages to sweat glands, causing the body temperature to fall as the sweat evaporates from the skin what part of the feedback loop is the stimulus.

Answer 21

Body temperature heats up.

Question 22

Breastfeeding infant is an example of what?

Answer 22

Positive feedback loop.

Question 23

How many electrons are in the outermost shell of an atom with 15 electrons?

Question 24

The four most common elements comprising 96% of body mass are?

Answer 24

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen.

Question 25

Ionic bonds result from?

Answer 25

Metal and nonmetal, attraction between oppositely charged ions when one atom (metal) transfers one or more electrons to another atom.

Question 26

How do nonpolar covalent bonds differ from polar covalent bonds?

Answer 26

Nonpolar has no charge, share equally, polar has charge doesn’t share equally in outermost.

Question 27

What type of reactions releases energy?

Answer 27

Catabolic.

Question 28

Which biological catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction?

Answer 28

Enzyme.

Question 29

Define activation energy.

Answer 29

Energy required to start a reaction.

Question 30

Explain how water interacts with hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. Which type is more likely to be dissolved by water?

Answer 30

Hydrophobic do not dissolve, )oil in water, fear water nonpolar, hydrophilic will dissolve polar, has charge.

Question 31

Describe the organization of the pH scale.

Answer 31

Location of below 7 is acids lemon juice coffee juices above 7 is base-soap and bleach and 7 neutral water and blood

Question 32

What is the effect of a buffer on a solution?

Answer 32

Resist pH changes when acids or bases are added keeping solution stable by neutralizing H or OH.

Question 33

What are isomers?

Answer 33

same chemical formula but different arrangement glucose and fructose

Question 34

The monomer of carbohydrates is the ?

Answer 34

monosaccharide, simple sugar.

Question 35

Building block of lipid?

Answer 35

Triglyceride (fatty acids and glycerol).

Question 36

What group makes each amino acid unique?

Answer 36

R group.

Question 37

The main structural component of a cell membrane is?

Answer 37

Phospholipid bilayer.

Question 38

Yuri is working with phosphate, nitrogen and ribose, what is he working with?

Answer 38

rna

Question 39

Nucleotide nucleic acid made of what?

Answer 39

3 parts, sugar, ribose in RNA a phosphate and nitrogenous base.

Question 40

What are the three main parts of a cell?

Answer 40

Membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.

Question 41

The main component of cytosol is?

Answer 41

Water.

Question 42

What is a function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 42

Gives structure and keeps certain things out.

Question 43

Most of a cell's DNA is located in its?

Answer 43

Nucleus.

Question 44

Differentiate between integral proteins and peripheral proteins found associated with the plasma membrane.

Answer 44

embedded, sits on outside hanging off

Question 45

Why is cholesterol a critical component of the plasma membrane?

Answer 45

Provides stability and stabilizes for temperature extremes.

Question 46

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.

Answer 46

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol and carbs. Hydrophilic heads facing out, hydrophobic tails in.

Question 47

Muscle cells require an abundant amount of ATP to function. Therefore, muscle cells have numerous:

Answer 47

mitochondria.

Question 48

What is a function of the peroxisome?

Answer 48

Digestion lipid synthesis.

Question 49

You can differentiate the SER from the RER by what?

Answer 49

Rough has ribosomes.

Question 50

Which organelle modifies, sorts and packages proteins?

Answer 50

Golgi apparatus.

Question 51

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 51

Ribosomes.

Question 52

Human cells that lack centrioles cannot?

Answer 52

Go through mitosis.

Question 53

You are looking at a slide during lab using a microscope. How can you tell the difference between cilia and microvilli?

Answer 53

Cilia has a brush border.

Question 54

Through the microscope you see cells swimming with a long tail. What type of extension is it?

Answer 54

Flagella.

Question 55

Which of the following components of the nucleus is composed of DNA?

Answer 55

Nucleotides (have 3 parts, phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base (ATGC).

Question 56

List the three main structures associated with the nucleolus.

Answer 56

Nuclear envelope (separates cytoplasm from nucleoplasm) Nucleolus, not membrane bound composed of protein and chromitin RNA produces ribosome, nucleoplasm

Question 57

What is accomplished by mitosis and cytokinesis during the M phase.

Answer 57

Produce 2 new cells.

Question 58

Cells that stall in a state of the cycle known as G0 are said to be?

Answer 58

Quiescent, resting, potential to reenter the cycle.

Question 59

If a chemotherapy drug prevents the mitotic spindle from forming during the M phase of the cycle then what specific phase has been disrupted?

Answer 59

Anaphase.

Question 60

What is the study of tissues?

Answer 60

Histology.

Question 61

4 types of tissue-

Answer 61

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Question 62

Cells in the epidermis of the skin need to be held tightly together so that an impermeable barrier to fluids is created. What type of junction performs this function?

Answer 62

Tight junction.

Question 63

Through the microscope, you see tissue that has an apical surface, multiple layers, flattened cells at the apical surface. Identify.

Answer 63

Stratified squamous epithelium keratinized because it is most external lack nuclei.

Question 64

Is pseudostratified columnar epithelium a simple tissue or stratified tissue?

Answer 64

Simple, appears multiple, all cells in direct contact with basement membrane nuclei scattered goblet cells ciliated.

Question 65

Describe how endocrine and exocrine glands differ structurally.

Answer 65

Endocrine have no ducts, secrete hormones into, exocrine connect with epithelial surface by duct.

Question 66

Explain the role of the fibroblast in connective tissue.

Answer 66

Create and maintain the extracellular matrix main cells in connective tissue, secrete fibers (collagen elastin reticular) and ground substance.

Question 67

The major energy reserve in the body is found stored as fat in?

Answer 67

adipose tissue.

Question 68

Why does bone heal faster than cartilage?

Answer 68

It is vascular.

Question 69

Explain how you distinguish between dense regular collagenous connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue if viewing through a microscope.

Answer 69

Stacked lasagna versus clumps in all directions.

Question 70

Striated, multinucleated cells are commonly found in what cells?

Answer 70

Skeletal.

Question 71

What do skeletal and cardiac muscle cells share in common?

Answer 71

Striated.

Question 72

Explain the structural characteristics that allow you to visually distinguish among skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 72

Skeletal are striated and multinucleated, arranged in parallel bundles running the length of the muscle, cardiac short and bifurcating (branching) smooth muscles lacks striations in e nuclei tear shapes.

Question 73

What part of a neuron conducts electrical signals away from the cell body?

Answer 73

Axon.

Question 74

Why are damaged neurons usually not replaced?

Answer 74

They cannot divide.

Question 75

How do neurons and neuroglial cells differ in their functions as part of nervous tissue?

Answer 75

Neuroglial just provide protection, support and nourishment to the neurons, neurons receive, transmit and process nerve impulses.

Question 76

The main components of the skin are the:

Answer 76

epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium -5 layers) Dermis (dense irregular connective tissue) subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) deep to dermis alveolar and adipose.

Question 77

From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis?

Answer 77

Stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

Question 78

Thin skin lacks?

Answer 78

Lucidium.

Question 79

Assess the following statement for accuracy, Dark brown skin contains more melanocytes than pale skin.

Answer 79

No it has more eumelanin.

Question 80

What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

Answer 80

Dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 81

Despite the strength of the dermis it is subject to tearing. How might a person know it's been stretched?

Answer 81

Stretch marks, striae.

Question 82

Why should a surgeon cut along the tension cleavage lines when performing surgery?

Answer 82

Heals more quickly and perpendicular ones open back up.

Question 83

How do vellus hairs differ from terminal hairs?

Answer 83

Less coarse, light and fine, short lack pigment, terminal are thick longer pigmented.

Question 84

What structure stands hairs on end causing piloerection?

Answer 84

Arrector pili.

Question 85

Nail growth occurs at the nail:

Answer 85

matrix.

Question 86

Explain how the secretions of eccrine sweat glands differ from those of the apocrine?

Answer 86

Eccrine secrete thermoregulation versus, produce odor when bacteria is introduced.