unit 2

Question 1

Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for what mineral?

Answer 1

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

Question 2

The bones of the arms and legs are classified as what type?

Answer 2

Long bones

Question 3

What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses arriving from many directions?

Answer 3

Trabeculae allows spongy bone to handle various forces

Question 4

Is the hard, dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones what type of bone?

Answer 4

compact bone, periosteum

Question 5

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?

Answer 5

Epiphyseal plate

Question 6

How does an epiphyseal plate differ from epiphyseal line?

Answer 6

Plate is still growing in children, line turns to cartilage in adults where plate used to be

Question 7

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Answer 7

To store fat for energy and house mesenchymal stem cells that can differentiate into bone cartilage and fat cells for tissue repair and growth convert back into red bone marrow in emergency

Question 8

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?Osteoprogenerator (stem cells) into osteoblasts that synthesize and secrete osteoid bone matrix, become entrapped within the matrix turn into osteocytes… osteoclasts multicellular, bone resorption breakdown

Answer 8

Osteoclasts

Question 9

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the cells accomplish this process?

Answer 9

Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes

Question 10

What are the structural units of mature compact bone called?

Answer 10

osteons

Question 11

Identify the components of an osteon of compact bone tissue.

Answer 11

Lacuna osteocyte, canaliculi, lamellae

Question 12

Appositional growth produces what effect on bone?

Answer 12

Grows in width

Question 13

Who experiences a greater amount of bone deposition: a person who routinely exercises or sedentary person?

Answer 13

Exercises

Question 14

Explain why injuries involving the shoulder are common?

Answer 14

It is the most unstable with greatest range of motion

Question 15

List the four ligaments associated with the knee joint.

Answer 15

ACL, PCL, Tibial (medial) and fibular ligaments (lateral)

Question 16

What joint is characterized by the presence of dense or fibrous, connective tissue that holds two bones together with no space and abundant collagen fibers to form a tough connection with little to no movement?

Answer 16

A fibrous joint

Question 17

What joints have hyaline cartilage allowing limited movement intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis?

Answer 17

A cartilaginous joint

Question 18

What joint has space called an articular cavity forming a joint capsule called the fibrous layer has synovial fluid?

Answer 18

Synovial joint

Question 19

Joint functional classification with no movement are what?

Answer 19

Synarthroses (cranial)

Question 20

Joint classification with limited movement?

Answer 20

Amphiarthroses (intervertebral discs)

Question 21

Joint classification that allows a large range of movement?

Answer 21

Diarthroses (shoulder, knee)

Question 22

What attaches muscles to bones?

Answer 22

tendons

Question 23

A parent cell has 28 chromosomes and completes meiosis. How many chromosomes result in each cell produced?

Answer 23

14

Question 24

During what phase of meiosis are homologous chromosomes separated from one another and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers?

Answer 24

Anaphase 1

Question 25

Which ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?

Answer 25

Ovarian ligament

Question 26

From which follicle will a secondary oocyte be released through ovulation?

Answer 26

Mature

Question 27

Which of the following is the phase of the ovarian cycle during which several primary follicles mature into secondary follicles?

Answer 27

Follicular phase

Question 28

What day should ovulation occur?

Answer 28

14

Question 29

Where does fertilization usually occur?

Answer 29

ampulla

Question 30

What portion of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle and contracts rhythmically during orgasm and childbirth?

Answer 30

myometrium

Question 31

Where should a fertile ovum implant?

Answer 31

Uterus endometrium

Question 32

Blockage to the mammary ducts of the mammary gland prevents the passage of what product?

Answer 32

milk

Question 33

What virus has high correlation with cervical cancer?

Answer 33

Hpv

Question 34

Where does sperm production occur within the testis?

Answer 34

Seminiferous tubules, epidermis is where they mature, lumen is where mature sperm are held

Question 35

Sperm in the epididymis travel immediately next to what structure?

Answer 35

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

Question 36

What component allows semen to temporarily coagulate, preventing it from leaking back out of the female reproductive tract, once ejaculated?

Answer 36

Semenogelin Seminal fluid

Question 37

A 75 y o male has difficulty urinating. Enlarged what?

Answer 37

Prostate

Question 38

provirus

Answer 38

hides in dna, hpv, aids

Question 39

cronic latent

Answer 39

hides in nervous system, pox

Question 40

how are prions spread

Answer 40

eating infected meat, genetic mutations, or infected insterments during surgey

Question 41

amoeboid

Answer 41

pseudopodia temporary, protezeo movement one footc

Question 42

cilliates

Answer 42

protezoa that use cillia for movement paramecium beat in waves also myonemes contractionsn movement

Question 43

flagelletes

Answer 43

protezoa that use glagella for movement one of 3 classes (also sporazoa glide) whiplike tyranosoma

Question 44

equation of cellular resp

Answer 44

glucose plus 6o2 equals 6carbon dioxide (co2) 6water and Atp

Question 45

anabolism

Answer 45

synthesizing compex molecules into from smaller units aka biosynthesis, input of energy usually required ADDing in

Question 46

microbial cell

Answer 46

single cell, bacteria fungi, archea, protist that functions independantly

Question 47

metabolism

Answer 47

all chemical reactions in cell both catabolic (breaking down making energy) and anabolic electrons are critical to processes

Question 48

enzyme

Answer 48

specialized protein that speed up chemical reactions

Question 49

ribosomes

Answer 49

an enzyme made of AA that is a catylist translate genetic information protein synthesis

Question 50

coenzyme

Answer 50

one type of cofactor that transit carrier to move one chemical group from a substrate to another substrate hydrogen carbon dioxide amino acids and ELectrons

Question 51

types of cofactors

Answer 51

organic cofactors are Coenzymes! made from vitamen carry CoA and NAh inorganic: metal cofactors -k+ Fe Mg Cu transfer charge

Question 52

vitamen defeciancy results in

Answer 52

inability to form a complete holoenzyme (enzyme with a cofactor) causing metaballic pathways to stall

Question 53

substrate

Answer 53

specific REactant molecule that an enzyme acts sugars and fats example glucose is the substrate for respiration bread is the substrate for fungi

Question 54

oxy dehydrase transferase lyases nuclase protease polymerase

Answer 54

transfer electrons move hydrogen transfer functional groups add or subtract from double bond release nucleotides peptide small molecules to larger

Question 55

in redox the compound that is reduced -----electrons

Answer 55

gains or recieves opposite day becouse adding electrons results in more negativity

Question 56

NAD FAD

Answer 56

electron carryiers oxi

Question 57

glycolysis

Answer 57

oxidation of glucose to pyruvate

Question 58

anphibolism

Answer 58

converging anabolic and catabolic for cell effecenty

Question 59

always unicellular

Answer 59

protezoa is eukeryotic becouse it has membrane bound organelles including a nucleas with dna

Question 59

uni or multi cellular

Answer 59

fungi or algea

Question 60

always multicellular

Answer 60

helminth

Question 61

glycocalyx cell wall cell membrane

Answer 61

some eukeryotes, most slime layer, exracellular matrix some all also some centreoles centroloes and cloroplast (plants)

Question 62

chloroplast

Answer 62

photosynthesis machine

Question 63

protezoa locomotion

Answer 63

flagella cilllia ambeod and none

Question 64

flat and round worms

Answer 64

helminths multicellulaar organisms flatworms are nemotods and platyhelmin are round fertilaized egg larva and adult

Question 65

flatworms

Answer 65

tapeworms(cestodes) and tremotodes or (flukes)

Question 66

trichinaella

Answer 66

round worm pigs meat ingestion

Question 67

psychrophile, thermophile, mesophile

Answer 67

cabable of reproduction and growth in cold, heat and moderate

Question 68

oxidizer and fermentor

Answer 68

requires o2 to breakdown compounds, ferm-does not require o2 will turn yellow in glucose OF test

Question 69

aerotolerant microaerophile

Answer 69

dont need o2 but can survive it low amount of o2

Question 70

optimal ph

Answer 70

6.5-7.5

Question 71

falcultative obligate fermintation with limited o2

Answer 71

will grown all the way down the tube next to the stab -will grown along the top grow down wiht a wax cover

Question 72

acidophile

Answer 72

thrive in low ph under 5

Question 73

why are acids used to preserve food

Answer 73

many bacteria have a small ph windown for growth

Question 74

waste products produced by bacteria during fermintation

Answer 74

acid, ethenol and co2

Question 75

what is the mode of action when osmotic pressure

Answer 75

dehydration