final - weight management

Question 1

anorexia nervosa

Answer 1

restricting type
- low body weight due to restricting
energy intake and/or excessive exercise only
binge-eating/purging type
- low body weight due to a pattern of eating large amounts of food followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of
laxatives, etc.

Question 2

bulimia nervosa

Answer 2

pattern of binge eating
Compensatory behaviours in response to binge eating in order to prevent weight gain
- vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise, etc.

Question 3

binge-eating disorder

Answer 3

Pattern of binge eating:
- eating large amounts of food in discrete periods of time
- feeling lack of control over eating during these periods

Binge-eating episodes are associated with 3 (or more) of:
- eating very rapidly.
- eating until feeling uncomfortably full
- eating large amounts of food when not hungry
- eating alone due to feeling embarrassed by how much is eaten
- feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty

Question 4

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Answer 4

lack of interest in or avoidance of food leading to inadequate nutritional/ energy intake
- seen in people with autism

Question 5

unspecified feeding or eating disorder

Answer 5

sx of an eating disorder cause significant distress or impairment to functioning in daily life but do not meet the full criteria for any of the other eating disorders

Question 6

catabolism

Answer 6

breakdown of compounds to release energy

Question 7

anabolism

Answer 7

building compounds
- uses energy

Question 8

factors influencing energy requirements

Answer 8

• growth
• gender
• age (BMR↓ during adulthood)
• illness
• senditary lifestyle
• anything

Question 9

energy imbalance
- feasting

Answer 9

more energy is consumed than expended

Question 10

excess nutrients stored as…

Answer 10

excess CHO
- stored first as glycogen (limited)
- then stored as fat
excess fat
- immediately routed to adipose tissue
excess protein
- possesses enzymes to convert excess protein to body fat (very inefficient)

Question 11

energy imbalance
– fasting

Answer 11

glycogen used first
- glucose from glycogen stores
- fatty acids from adipose tissues
- glucose needed for brain
- brain, nerves, and RBC cannot metabolize fatty acids
protein breakdown & ketosis
- breakdown = glucose for brain
- ketone body production ↑as fast continues
- lean tissue wasting slows but continues
slowed metabolism
- conserves fat and lean tissue

Question 12

ketone bodies

Answer 12

acidic, water-soluble compounds produced by the liver from fatty acid fragments
- alternative energy source; can lead to ketoacidosis (bad)

Question 13

time frame for fasting

Answer 13

12-15 hrs
- glycogen stores run out
12/15-48 hrs
- protein is main source of energy (90%)
- muscle breakdown (75-100g/d)
>48hrs
- body shifts to energy mostly from ketone bodies
- basal metabolic rate declines
- slow steady muscle loss

Question 14

hazards of fasting

Answer 14

• wasting of lean tissues
• impairment of disease resistance
• lowering of body temp
• disruption of body fluid and electrolyte balances

Question 15

energy balance

Answer 15

energy in (kcal) - energy out
energy out:
- basal metabolism
- energy for physical activities
energy to manage food

Question 16

basal metabolism

Answer 16

~2/3 of a sedentary person’s expenditure
Measurements: basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Question 17

components of energy expenditure

Answer 17

basal = 50-65%
physical activity = 30-50%
thermic effect of food = 10%

Question 18

estimated energy requirements

Answer 18

Dependent upon age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity

Question 19

↑or↓ BMR

Answer 19

Fasting/starvation, malnutrition
Hormones
Smoking, caffeine
Sleep
Age, gender
Height, growth, body composition
Fever
Stress, environment

Question 20

hormones involved in weight loss/gain (important!)

Answer 20

leptin
- suppresses appetite and promotes efficient energy storage
- obese people are leptin resistant
ghrelin
- stimulates appetite and promotes efficient energy storage

Question 21

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

Answer 21

Cell surface enzyme that hydrolyzes tris and promotes fat storage
Higher level of LPL activity in fat cells of obese people
- makes fat storage efficient

Question 22

recommendations for SAFE weight loss

Answer 22

individualized
- should integrate healthy eating patterns, physical activities, supportive environments, and psychosocial support
- small changes, moderate and sustained losses, and reasonable goals
- refer to dietician

Question 23

recommendations for SAFE weight gain

Answer 23

-physical activity to build muscles
- energy-dense foods
- 3 meals daily
- large portions + snacks
- juice and milk
> ↑kcals w/ beverages

Question 24

what does ozempic do?

Answer 24

Ozempic mimics Glp1 hormone
= suppress appetite and digestion

Question 25

set-point theory

Answer 25

the theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls

Question 26

appetite def

Answer 26

the psychological desire to eat

Question 27

satiety def

Answer 27

the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal - determines how much time passes between each meal

Question 28

criteria for surgery for obesity

Answer 28

clinically severe obese - BMI >40 or >35 w/ HTN those with high risks of medical problems - improve blood lipids, diabetes, sleep apnea, heart disease, HTN