Midterm Flashcards

Question

chylomicrons

Answer 1

lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells into the body

Answer 2

clusters of lipids associated w/ proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood

Answer 3

built from AA contain C, H, O, N

Answer 4

20 AA 9 are essential > body cannot make them themselves 11 are nonessential > the body can make them for itself conditionally essential AA > nonessential becomes essential in special circumstances

Answer 5

2 or more protein foods whose AAs from one provide the missing AAs from the other

Answer 6

- structural > muscles, bones, tendons > stunting in children w/ inadequate intake of protein - regulators of acid-base balance - enzyme proteins - transporters - antibodies - hormones - regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance - sources of energy and glucose

Answer 7

protein intake increases significantly with acute illness

Answer 8

proteins cannot freely move across membranes albumin = protein - edema = protein leaking out into the interstitial space - albumin = carrier protein - VERY IMPORTANT for fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 9

changes in pH levels affect protein negatively proteins are buffers (H+ ions)

Answer 10

during inadequate CHO intake, AAs are used for energy

Answer 11

Continual renewal and balance synthesis vs degradation Growing = more protein synthesis

Answer 12

synthesizes more than it degrades and adds proteins = nitrogen + degrades more that it synthesizes and loses proteins = nitrogen -

Answer 13

- CHO, vits, and nutrients are displaces/not absorbed - saturated fats can increase cholesterol - heart disease add the burden of saturated fats - high protein increases the work of the kidneys - high protein diet produces high acid in body fluid > acid loading, hypercalcemia, exorbitant bone loss

Answer 14

proteins must be digested before they can provide AA; what is the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein intake

Answer 15

to prevent protein breakdown, dietary protein must supply at least the nine essential AA plus enough N-containing amino groups, as well as energy for the synthesis of others; the body can only make whole proteins

Answer 16

these are dietary proteins containing all the essential AAs in relatively the same amounts that human beings require; they may also contain nonessential AAs

Answer 17

High levels of LDL are a predictor of fatal heart attack or stroke. Low levels of HDL signify higher disease risk.

Answer 18

predominate 3 fatty acids + glyceride (glycerol backbone)

Answer 19

2 main feature: - chain length > number of C saturation > number of H hydrogenation - adding H atoms to unsaturated fats

Answer 20

saturated fat can raise levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol - recommend replacing saturated fats with mono- and polyunsaturated fats

Answer 21

linoleic acid - vegetable oils, nuts, whole grains - most Canadians exceed required intakes

Answer 22

linolenic acid - alpha linolenic acid (=plant) > converted to: EPA = fish/algae DHA = fish/algae Most Canadians do no get enough omega-3s

Answer 23

composed of multiple chemical rings - precursor to bile, vit D, sex hormones, cells in brain and CNS system

Answer 24

once in enterocyte (cells of the intestine) chylomicron: - triglycerides - cholesterol - phospholipids - fat-soluble vits chylomicrons enter the lymph system before entering the blood stream and ultimately the liver

Answer 25

saturated w/ H+ = no C double bond - solid at room temp - the process of hydrogenation

Answer 26

- DRI suggests a diet that is: low in saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol, and provides 20-35% of one’s daily energy from fat - choose unsaturated fats

Answer 27

risk for: - essential fatty acid deficiency - decreased hormone and vit D production - dyslipidemia > increases LDL-C > decreases HDL-C

Answer 28

CHO = 45-65% lipids = 20-35% proteins = 10-35%

Answer 29

a set of values for the dietary nutrient intakes of healthy people in the US and Canada these values are used for planning and assessing diets

Answer 30

99.9% of the population set of values reflecting the average daily amounts of nutrients considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals

Answer 31

= approximate Value that is used as a guide for nutrient intake when scientific evidence is insufficient for determination of an RDA

Answer 32

= safest upper level tested Suggested upper limits of intakes of potentially toxic nutrients. Intakes above the UL are likely to cause illness from toxicity

Answer 33

= 50% of population Population-wide average nutrient requirements for nutrition research & policy making; the basis upon which RDA values are set. Better used to evaluate group nutritional need (ie. school children)

Answer 34

- vary by age and gender - based on healthy pop. RDA & AI = individuals EAR = groups

Answer 35

the dietary energy intake level that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, and physical activity level consistent w/ good health

Answer 36

contains C 4 organic groups: - CHO - fat - protein - vitamins

Answer 37

do not contain C or pertain to living things

Answer 38

nutrients that the body cannot make and therefore must be obtained from food

Answer 39

"a measure of the energy a food provides relative to the amount of food" - high calorie count for the nutrients involved

Answer 40

“a measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides. The more nutrients and the fewer kcalories, the higher the nutrient density”

Answer 41

protein = 10-35% fats = 20-35% CHO = 45-65%

Answer 42

- ingredient list - serving sizes - daily values - nutrition facts - nutrition claims > "free", "zero" "light" > FDA requirements - health claims > a disease or health-related condition - structure-function claims > "Ca builds strong bones" > "slows aging" > don't require FDS authorization

Answer 43

- Adequacy - Balance - kCalorie (energy) control - Nutrient density - Moderation - Variety

Answer 44

an individual doesn't see a health problem or does not have any intention of changing or modifying it in the foreseeable future

Answer 45

an individual has an awareness of a problem and is considering making a change the person remains ambivalent and lacks a strong commitment

Answer 46

a person begins to take small steps towards changing difficult health related habits the individual is not fully committed to consistent action

Answer 47

an individual has a strong commitment to change and is making consistent, definitive actions to make behavioural changes

Answer 48

an individual stabilizes gains achieved during the action stage are consolidated

Answer 49

macro: - fats - CHO - proteins micro: - vitamins - minerals - H2O

Midterm Flashcards

(73 cards)