- essential for bodily function - organic compounds - obtained from foods, fortification, supplements

- vits not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs ex: - scurvy d/t only fast food intakes

- impaired absorption or excess excretion ex: inadequate intrinsic factor (glycoprotein in stomach) = vit B12 deficiency

- rarely occurs from food consumption - supplements may be toxic

- w/ normal aging absorption of food diminishes - quantity of food ingested is reduced - at a higher risk of deficiency of B12 d/t decreased stomach acid

vitamins Flashcards by Eileen Goury

vitamins

essential for bodily function
organic compounds
obtained from foods, fortification, supplements

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fortification

the addition of nutrients to food

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do vitamins provide your body with energy?

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bioavailability

the rate and extend to which a nutient is absorbed and used
- efficiency of digestion
- nutrition status
- other foods
- raw vs. cooked
- natural, synthetic or fortified

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precursors

compounds that can be converted into other compounds
ex:
- pro-vitamins
> beta-carotene + Vit A

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fat soluble

A,D,E,K
- absorbed w/ fat into the lymph before entering the blood and must travel w/ protein carriers
- stored in liver and fatty tissues
- rarely leave the body = buildup
- periodically taken

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water soluble

B complex, C
- absorbed directly into the blood and can travel freely
- most not stored in the body
- leave the body in urine
- Vit B12 is the exception»_space; stored in liver

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who needs to take more fat soluble vits?

those w/ fat malabsorption:
- celiac, crohns, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis

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water soluble vitamins ex.

B vitamins
- thaimin
- riboflavin
- niacin
- pantothenic acid
- vit B6
- folate
- vit B12
vitamin C

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primary deficiency

vits not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs
ex:
scurvy d/t only fast food intakes

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secondary deficiency

impaired absorption or excess excretion
ex: inadequate intrinsic factor (glycoprotein in stomach)
= vit B12 deficiency

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toxicities

rarely occurs from food consumption
supplements may be toxic

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infancy and childhood

high growth rate which puts demand on their body
adequate nutrition and vitamins

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pregnancy and lactation

folic acid to prevent neural tube defects
Fe and multivitamin
breastfeeding
deficient in vit D

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elderly clients

w/ normal aging absorption of food diminishes
quantity of food ingested is reduced
at a higher risk of deficiency of B12 d/t decreased stomach acid

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vit A
– name + main function

retinol, retinal, retonoic acid
- main precursor beta-carotene

vision, maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells
mucous membranes skin;
bone and tooth growth reproduction;
regulation of gene expression
immunity

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vit A
– deficiency sx

infectious diseases
night blindness
blindness (xeropthalmia)
keratinization

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vit A
– toxicity sx

chronic:
- reduced bone mineral density
- liver abnormalities
- birth defects
acute:
(single large dose or short term)
- blurred vision
- NV, vertigo
- increased ICP
> headache, muscle incoordination

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vit A
– significant sources

retinol:
- milk and milk products; eggs; liver
beta-carotene:
- spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and veggies (carrots, winter squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)

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vit D
– name + functions

calciferol, cholecalciferol, dihydroxy
precursor: cholesterol

mineralization of bones
> raises blood Ca and P by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing Ca from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys

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vit D
– deficiency sx

rickets
osteomalacia

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vit D
– toxicity sx

calcium imbalance
> calcification of soft tissues and formation of stones

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vit D
– significant sources

synthesized in the body w/ the help of sunshine, fortified milk, margarine, butter, and cereals
- eggs, liver, fatty fish (salmon/sardines)

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vit E
– name + function

alpha-tocopherol, tocopherol

antioxidant
> stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] and vit A

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vit E -- deficiency sx

erythrocyte hemolysis nerve damage

vit E -- toxicity sx

hemorrhagic effects

vit E -- significant sources

polyunsaturated plaint oils > margarine, salad dressings, shortenings leafy and green veggies, wheat germ, whole-grain products, nuts, seeds

vit K -- name + function

phylloquinone, menaquinone, naphthoquinone synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins

vit K -- deficiency sx

henorrhage

vit K -- toxicity sx

none known

vit K -- significant sources

synthesized in the body by GI bacteria green leafy veggies cabbage-type veggies veggtable oils

thiamin (B1) -- function

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

thiamin (B1) -- deficiency sx

beriberi > edema or muscle wasting - anorexia and weight loss - neurological disturbances - muscle weakness - heart enlargement and failure

thiamin (B1) -- toxicity sx

none reported

thiamin (B1) -- sig. sources

enriched, fortified, or whole grain products pork

riboflavin (B2) -- function

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

riboflavin (B2) -- deficiency sx

inflammation of the mouth, skin, and eyelids - sensitivity to light - sore throat

riboflavin (B2) -- toxicity sx

none reported

riboflavin (B2) -- sig. sources

milk products enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products liver

niacin -- name + function

nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide vit B precursor: dietary tryptophan an AA part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

niacin -- deficiency sx

pellagra > diarrhea and dermatitis > dementia

niacin -- toxicity sx

- niacin flush - liver damage - impaired glucose tolerance

niacin -- sig. sources

milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, nuts, and all protein-containing foods

biotin -- function

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

biotin -- deficiency sx

skin rash, hair loss, neurological disturbances

biotin -- toxicity tx

none reported

biotin -- sig. sources

wide spread in foods GI bacteria synthesis

pantothenic acid -- function

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

pantothenic acid -- deficiency sx

digestive and neurological disturbances

pantothenic acid -- toxicity sx

none reported

pantothenic acid -- sig. sources

widespread in foods

vit B6 -- name + function

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine part of coenzyme used in AA and fatty acid metabolism

vit B6 -- deficiency sx

- scaly dermatitis - depression - confusion - convulsion - anemia

vit B6 -- toxicity sx

nerve degeneration skin lesions

vit B6 -- sig. sources

meats, fish, poultry, potatoes, legumes, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver, soy products

folate -- name + function

folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid activated vit B12 helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth protects nerve cells

folate -- deficiency sx

- anemia - smooth red tongue - mental confusion - elevated homocysteine

folate -- toxicity sx

masks vit B12 deficiency

folate -- sig. sources

fortified grain, leafy green veggies, legumes, seeds, liver

vit B12 -- name + function

cobalamin -activates folate - helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth - protects nerve cells

vit B12 -- deficiency sx

anemia nerve damage & paralysis

vit B12 -- toxicity sx

none reported

vit B12 -- sig. sources

foods derived from animals > meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs fortified cereals

vit C -- name + function

ascorbic acid synthesis of collagen, carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters - antioxidant

vit C -- deficiency sx

scurvy - bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, abnormal bone growth, joint pain

vit C -- toxicity sx

diarrhea, GI distress

vit C -- sig. sources

citrus fruits, cabbage-type veggies, dark green veggies (bell peppers, broccoli), cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomato, potatoes, papaya, mangoes

phytochemicals

compounds in plants that confer color, taste, and other characteristics some phytochemicals are bioactive food components in functional foods ex: cranberries for UTIs

functional foods

whole, fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels ex: - orange juice w/ vit c - folic acid fortified cereal

vitamins Flashcards

(69 cards)