Forebrain

Question 1

cerebral gray matter (cortex):

Answer 1

• folded into gyri
• not myelinated
• contains nerve cell bodies

Question 2

cerebral white matter tracts

Answer 2

1. association tracts: connects gyri within same hemisphere
2. commissural tracts: connect gyri in opposite hemispheres
3. projection tracts: carry sensory and motor impulses to/from areas outside the cerebrum

Question 3

void

Answer 3

void

Question 4

parietal lobe:

Answer 4

1. postcentral gyrus:
   - primary sensory area
   - perception of pain, touch, pressure, temperature.

2 association areas:

• interpret shapes, textures, and physical relationships of body parts.
• enables the use of words to express thoughts and stores some long term memories.

Question 5

temporal lobe

Answer 5

1. auditory area: hearing and its interpretation

2. olfactory area: smell and its interpretation

Question 6

occipital lobe

Answer 6

1. primary visual area: reception of visual input from eyes forming colors, shapes and images.
2. controls eye movement

Question 7

(1)right cerebrum VS. (2)left cerebrum

Answer 7

1. “representational” artistic skills and spatial relationships
2. “categorical” numerical and language skills

Question 8

basal nuclei:

Answer 8

gray matter bilateral to thalamus that adjusts and subdues motor activity

Question 9

limbic system “emotional brain”

Answer 9

1. grouped around lateral ventricles
2. regulates behavioral aspects of major emotions: pain, guilt, rage, pleasure, sexual satisfaction, and short term memory.

Question 10

Thalamus:

Answer 10

• deep gray matter medial to basal nuclei
  1. relay point for sensory information that will be passed to the primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex
  2. allows for crude appreciation of some sensations
  3. directs and coordinates motor activities

Question 11

hypothalamus:

Answer 11

• gray matter forming floor of 3rd ventricle

1. regulates behavior associated with fear
2. controls most of the autonomic nervous system
3. regulates certain survival functions such as thermoregulation, appetite, and sexual desire.
4. controls secretion of the pituitary gland

Question 12

Internal brain cavities (ventricles):

Answer 12

1. first and second ventricles:
   - within cerebrum
   - drain into interventricular foramen
2. third ventricle:
   - within cerebrum, between thalamic bodies
   - drains into cerebral aqueduct
3. fourth ventricle:
   - hindbrain, between medulla/cerebellum
   - drains into median and lateral apertures to the subarachnoid space

Question 13

Cerebrospinal Fluid:

Answer 13

1. formation: secretion from ventricles by choroid plexus
2. absorption: through the arachnoid villi into the superior sagittal sinus
3. composition: similar to blood plasma with less protein
4. function: shock protection, internal support, and transports some nutrients and wastes.

Question 14

midbrain:

Answer 14

1. cerebral peduncles:
   - contains motor projection tracts to pons and sensory tracts from spinal cord to thalamus
2. reticular formations:
   - core of gray matter extending into forebrain and hindbrain that determines level of consciousness.
3. corpora quadrigemina:
   - superior colliculi controls visual reflexes
   - inferior colliculi controls auditory reflexes

Question 15

hindbrain:

Answer 15

1. cerebellum:
   - thin cortex composed of gray matter
   - muscle memory, involved in habitual actions
   - normal locomotion
   - adjusts postural muscles for balance
2. pons(bridge):
   - links cerebellar hemispheres and connects the cerebellum with the cerebrum[above] and medulla[below]
   - works with the medulla to control breathing
3. Medulla:
   - lower brain stem continuous with the spinal cord
   - pyramid formations
   - crossing nerve tracts carrying voluntary motor output from the cerebral cortex
   - vital centers(respiration, heart rate, and vasomotor control)
   - non vital centers(coughing,vomiting, and swallowing)

Question 16

frontal lobe:

Answer 16

• precentral gyrus is the primary motor area where motor nerve tracts originate.

Question 17

speech area (broca’s area):

Answer 17

regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization.

Question 18

prefrontal (association areas):

Answer 18

-social behavior, problem solving, time relationships, foresight, and judgement.