DIT Phase II Chapters > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

Fetal placental structure that secretes hCG

A

syncitiotrophoblast

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2
Q

Maternal component of the placenta

A

Decidua basalis

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3
Q

Energy available to fuel endergonic reactions (anabolic)

A

glucose > pyruvate > Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate > Adenosine.

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4
Q

Stages of an embryo between conception and an inner cell mass

A

Zygote -> Morula -> Blastocyst -> Inner Cell Mass + Trophoblast

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5
Q

Deficiency of this gene causes holoprosencephaly

A

Sonic hedgehog gene - Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity

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6
Q

Lack of this gene results in short limbs

A

FGF gene - fibroblast growth factor: produced at apical ectodermal ridge, stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm - lengthens limbs

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7
Q

Homeobox (HOX) Genes

A
  • BIueprt for skeletal morphology
  • Code for transcription regulators
  • Mutation in Homeobox HOXD-l3 synpolydactyly (extra fused digit between 3rd and 4th fuigers)
  • Retinoic acid alters HOX gene expression
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8
Q

Surface ectoderm

A
  • Adenohypophysis (from Rathke’s pouch) - Craniopharyngioma - benign Rathke’s puch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications - it didn’t become induced by the notocord
  • lens of eye
  • epithelial linings of oral cavity, sensory
  • organs of ear, and olfactory epithelium
  • epidermis
  • anal canal below the pectinate line
  • salivary, sweat, and mammary glands
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9
Q

Neuroectoderm

A
  • CNS and Brain
  • Brain (neurohypophysis, CNS neurons,
    oligod en drocy tes, astrocytes, ependymal cells,pineal gland)
  • retina
  • spinal cord
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10
Q

Neural Crest

A

PNS and non-neural structures nearby (STAMPEDE to heart) “missionaries” of the neuroectoderm

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11
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Gut tube epit helium (including anal canal above the pectinate line) and derivatives
  • lungs
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • thy mus
  • parathyroid
  • thyroid follicular cells
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12
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • Muscle
  • bone
  • connective tissue
  • seroas
  • linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneum),
  • spleen (derived from foregut mesentery)
  • cardiovascular structures
  • lymphatics
  • blood
  • bladder
  • urethra
  • vagina
  • eustachian tube,
  • kidneys
  • adrenal cortex
  • skin dermis
  • testes, ovaries
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13
Q

Mesodermal defects

A

Mesodermal defects = VACTERL

  • Vertebral defects
  • Anal atresia
  • Cardiac defects
  • **Tracheo - **Esophageal fistula
  • Renal defects
  • Limb defects (bone and muscle)
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14
Q

1 cause of mental retardation in the US

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome - Even just 1 drink a day can have deleterious effects. NO ALCOHOL WHATSOEVER! Cleft lip, cleft palate.

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15
Q

Relationship between notochord, neural plate, neural tube, and neural crest

A
  • Notochord forms the neural plate.
  • Neural plate - gives rise to the he neural tube and neural crest cells
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16
Q

Drugs contraindicated in pregnancy

A
  • Antiseizures: Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Valproate.
  • Antibiotics: Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones (cartilage abnormalities), Sulfonamides, Clarithromycin, Chloramphenicol (gray baby).
  • Folate Antagonists: Pyrimethamine, methotrexate (kills ectopic pregnancies).
  • Miscellaneous: ACE inhibitors, Thalidomide, Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Warfarin (Coumadin)
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17
Q

NCC derivative deficiencies

A
  • Aganglionic colon,
  • Albinism (melanocytes),
  • Dental abnormalities(odontoblasts),
  • PNS abnormalities,
  • Abnormalities of bones and skull.
  • Thyroid abnormalities from parafollicular (C) cells,
  • Adrenal abnormalities from chromaffin cells,
  • Disruptions of the aorticopulmonary septum.
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18
Q

Nuclear Lamins

A

provide the structural framework for DNA and the nuclear envelope

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19
Q

Are responsible for fostering the progression through the cell cycle.

A

Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

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20
Q

Cyclin-CDK complexes that assist in the progression from G1 phase to S phase

A

Cyclin D + CDK4 and Cyclin E + CDK2. “D-K4 and E-K2”

“Good 1 Sporting: Dave cycles up K4, Eric cycles up K2”

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21
Q

Cyclins-CDK complexes that assist in the progression of G2 to M phase

A

Cyclin A + CDK2 and Cyclin B + CDK1

“Good SECOND Mountain (to climb) Alex cycles up K2, Bob cycles K1”

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22
Q

In I-cell disease, there is a deficiency of

A
  • Mannose Phosphorylation - no mannose-6-phosphate to target lysosomal proteins -> secretion out of cell instead of into lysosomes
  • Mannose-6-Phosphate is a molecule that targets proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum for lysosomes
  • Death by age 8
  • (+) corneal clouding, course facies, HSM, skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint movement, +/- MR
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23
Q

Nuclear localization signals contain these amino acids.

A

Lysine, Arginine, Proline

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24
Q

Granulomatous diseases

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Fungal infections (e.g., histoplasmosis)
  • Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
  • M. leprae (leprosy)
  • Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease)
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Berylliosis
  • Listeria
  • Foreign bodies
  • Wegner’s
  • Chronic granulomatous disease
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25
**Leukocyte extravasation**
* **Rolling (selectins)** * **Tight binding (integrins)** * **Diapedesis (PECAM-1** * **Migration (CILK)**
26
C-Reactive Protein
* Acute-phase reactant synthesized by the **liver** * **Part of the innate immune response**: opsonizes bacteria and activates complement clears microbes * Can be secreted from cells within atherosclerotic plaques to activate local endothelial cells to induce a prothrombotic state and increase the adhesiveness of the endothelium to leukocytes * **Elevations are a strong predictor of Ml, stroke, PAD, and sudden cardiac death** * CRP can be lowered by smoking cessation, exercise, weight loss, and statins
27
Elevated ESR
* Polymyalgia rheumatica * Temporal arteritis * Disease activity in RA and SLE * Infection, Inflammation (osteomyeliis) * Malignancy
28
**Epithelial Wound Healing **
* **0-3 hours** - Hemorrhage and clotting * **12-24 hours** - Acute inflammation (PMN) * **2-4 days** - Macrophage infiltration and epithelial cell migration * **3-5 days** - Granulation tissue (especially at wound edges) * **Months** - Collagen production (type Ill then type I)
29
Findings associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
* Hyperextensible skin, * tendency to bleed (easy bruising), * Hypermobile joints. * Aneurysms. * Type III collagen most frequently affected.
30
Types of collagen
* **Type I**: Tendon, bone, dentin, skin, fascia, cornea; * **Type II:** Cartilage, vitreous body; * **Type III:** Blood vessels, granulation tissue, uterus, fetal tissue; * **Type IV:** Basement membrane.
31
Amino acids found in large concentrations in collagen
* Glycine, Proline, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine. * Elastin: Rich in proline and glycine, nonglycosylated forms.
32
4 transcription factors essential in pluripotent stem cells
* **Oct3/4** * **myc-c** * **SOX2** * **KLf4**
33
Amino Acids modified in the Golgi apparatus
Serine, Threonine, Asparagine
34
$$$ What structures are derived from the Endoderm?
**Parenchyma** of: * Liver * Thyroid * Pancreas * Parathyroids **Epithelial lining** of: * Respiratory tract * tonsils * thymus * bladder, urethra * tympanic cavity * auditory tube * GI tract
35
Fetal landmark within 1 week
hCG secretion begins after implantation of blastocyst
36
Fetal landmarks within week 2 How does the primitive streak form? What does the primitive streak give rise to?
* **2 germ layers** Bilaminar disk (epiblast, hypoblast) * 2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac * 2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast **Epiblast** (precursor to embryo) invaginates to form the **primitive streak**. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both * **intraembryonic mesoderm ** * **endoderm** (part of)
37
Fetal landmarks within week 3
* 3 germ layers (gastrula)Trilaminar disc * Gastrulation * Primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organization * Neural plate begins to form
38
Fetal landmarks weeks 3-8 | (embryonic period)
* Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4 * Organogenesis * Extremely susceptible to teratgens
39
Fetal landmarks Week 4
* Heart begins to beat * Upper and lower limb buds begin to form
40
Fetal landmarks week 8 | (Fetal period)
* MOVEMENT! * Fetus looks like baby
41
Fetal landmarks Week 10
Genitalia have male/female characteristics
42
When Rb protein comes unbound from this transcription factor, the cell can prepare to move from G-1 into S phase.
**Transcription factor E2F** * Cyclin D binds/activates CDK4 -\> * Phosphorylation of RB protein -\> * RB protein is released from **transription factor E2F -\>** * with E2F unbound, the cell is free to transcribe/synthesize components needed for progression through the S phase (cyclin E, DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, dihydrofolate reductase)
43
When do endosomes become lysosomes?
Endosomes become lysosomes when hydrolytic enzymes enter.
44
Organelle of critical importance for Neural tissue
**Peroxisomes and Plasmalogens** Involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids and amino acids
45
What is a proteasome? What are 3 ways proteins can be degraded?
* **Barrel-shaped protein complex** * Degrades damaged or unnecessary proteins tagged for destruction with ubiquitin 3 ways to degrade protein: * Ubiquitin mechanism * Lysosome degradation * Calcium dependent enzyme - not in lysosome
46
Rb protein and p53 regulate the cell cycle by
Preventing the Cell from Progressing From **G1 Phase -\> S Phase**
47
Staining of the following intermediate filament is useful to ID which cell type? **Vimentin**
* Connective tissue * Sarcomas * Some carcinomas
48
Staining of the following intermediate filament is useful to ID which cell type? **Desmin**
* muscle * myosarcoma
49
Staining of the following intermediate filament is useful to ID which cell type? **Cytokeratin**
* Epithelial cells * IDs Carcinomas * some sarcomas
50
Staining of the following intermediate filament is useful to ID which cell type? **GFAP**
* Neuro**G**lia * Astocytomas * GBM
51
Staining of the following intermediate filament is useful to ID which cell type? **Neurofilaments**
* Axons within Neurons * Adrenal neuroblastoma * Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) Note: Neurons can be IDed via peripherin
52
Staining of the following intermediate filament is useful to ID which cell type? **Nuclear lamins (A,B,C)** Mutations in nuclar lamins result in what disease?
Nuclear envelope and DNA within Example: Cyclin B and CDK1 **Progeria** - advanced cellular aging ( 5yo looks like an old man)
53
Apoptosis cannot be initiated in the presence of severe DNA damage if this protein is mutated?
**p53** - triggers apoptosis if DNA damage is present and the DNA repair process fails
54
Bax
Pro-aptotic
55
*Bcl-2*
**Anti-apoptotic,** if levels are reduced, intrinsic pathway of apoptosis occurs
56
CD31
Prevents apoptosis (expressed on surface of healthy cells)
57
Histologic features of apoptotic liver cells
* Cell shrinkage * Pyknosis (basophilia) * Nuclear fragmentation(karyorrhexis) * Nuclear fading (karyolysis) * Membrane blebbing * Formation of apoptotic bodies
58
Substances that can trigger apoptosis
* Deprivation of growth factors, * Cell stress, * DNA is damaged and repair fails, * Cytokines (TNF) triggers apoptosis, * Cytotoxic T cells insert granzyme B
59
Cellular particles responsible for handling oxygen free radicals are
* catalase * Superoxide dismutase * Glutathion peroxidase
60
What byproducts might e detected in the serum when the following cell type is injured: **Cardiac myocytes**
* CK * LDH * troponin
61
What byproducts might e detected in the serum when the following cell type is injured: **Skeletal myocytes**
* CK * Aldolase * LDH
62
What byproducts might e detected in the serum when the following cell type is injured: **Hepatocytes**
* AST * ALT * Alkaline phosphatase * GGT
63
What byproducts might e detected in the serum when the following cell type is injured: **Salivary gland cells**
* Amylase
64
What byproducts might e detected in the serum when the following cell type is injured: **Pancreatic exocrine cells**
* Amylase * **Lipase (more specific)**
65
What byproducts might e detected in the serum when the following cell type is injured: **RBCs**
* LDH * Haptoglobin * bilirubin
66
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome
abnormal LFA-1: Delayed separation of the umbilicus, recurrent bacterial infections
67
Elevated ESR is especially seen in these diseases
* Polymyalgia rheumatica * Temporal arteritis * Diseases activity in RA and SLE * Infection, Inflammation (osteomyelitis) * Malignancy Reduced in * SCA * PCV * CHF
68
Where can tissue stem cells be found in the Brain?
**Neural precursor cells** in the **subventricular zone** and **dentate gyrus** of the **hippocampus**
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