functional groups

Question 1

characteristics of hydroxyl group (-OH)

Answer 1

-gives polar properties
-hydrophilic
-soluble
-liquid at room temp

Question 2

characteristic of carboxyl group (COOH)

Answer 2

-release of H+
-makes it acidic

Question 3

characteristics of amino group (NH3)

Answer 3

-can bond H+ proton
-makes it a weak base

Question 4

characteristics of phosphate groups

Answer 4

-are acidic
-release H+ ions
-become negatively charged

Question 5

sulfhydrl

Answer 5

-helps form hydrogen bonds
-neutralize compounds

Question 6

ester

Answer 6

-strong ionic bongs

Question 7

ethers

Answer 7

give solubility

Question 8

major class of hydroxl

Answer 8

alcohols - polar

Question 9

major class of carbonyl

Answer 9

aldhydes-keytons - polar

Question 10

major class of carboxyl

Answer 10

organic acids - ionic

Question 11

major class of amino

Answer 11

amino acids/proteins - ionic

Question 12

major class of phosphate

Answer 12

DNA, RNA - ionic

Question 13

major class of sulfhydryl

Answer 13

proteins - polar

Question 14

biological importance of buffers

Answer 14

is a chemical that compensates for relatively small pH changes by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions - needed for living things to maintain stable pH, which is needed for enzymes to work

Question 15

unique properties of water

Answer 15

1. high surface tension: cohesion & adhesion
   -insects walk on water
   -allows water to move up xylem tubes in plants
2. hold a lot of heat
   -organisms can maintain a constant body temperature
3. less dense as solid
   -aquatic survival in winter

Question 16

glucose + glucose =

Answer 16

maltose

Question 17

bonds that link monosaccharides into larger carbohydrates are called

Answer 17

glycosidic bonds (between glucose and fructose monosaccharide making disaccharide sucrose.

Question 18

function and example of monosaccharide

Answer 18

-energy source, building blocks
-glucose, ribose, and deoxyribose

Question 19

function and example of disaccharide

Answer 19

-energy source
-sucrose, maltose, and lactose

Question 20

function and example of polysaccharide

Answer 20

-energy storage
-structural support
-cell-cell communication
-starch and cellulose

Question 21

difference between lipids and fatty acids

Answer 21

fatty acid is a molecule of carboxy group and hydrocarbon (making it acidic) chain. a fat is a lipid that’s made of fatty acid and a glycerol molecule (through dehydration)

Question 22

saturated vs unsaturated fats

Answer 22

saturated (butter)
unsaturated (oil)

Question 23

why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temp

Answer 23

bc saturated fat chains are long and straight, whereas unsaturated fats have kinks that are bent and cannot be packed as tightly

Question 24

negative effects of anabolic steriods (used by some athletes to gain advantage in sports)

Answer 24

-high blood pressure
-depression
-suicidal tendencies

Question 25

cholesterol

Answer 25

steroid thats essential for animal cell membranes, and converts them to vitamin d. too much can lead to atherosclerosis - where plaque forms on inner lining of blood vessels, blocking blood flow, can lead to heart attacks

Question 26

function of steriod

Answer 26

hormonal signaling, cell response to environment, growth

Question 27

function of wax

Answer 27

water resistance and protection

Question 28

function of fatty acid

Answer 28

cellular functions and energy storage

Question 29

function of fat

Answer 29

energy storage and insulation

Question 30

protein

Answer 30

has many amino acids joined by peptide bonds and folded into specific 3D shae

Question 31

nucliec acid

Answer 31

blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells, stores hereditary info (DNA,RNA)

Question 32

primary structure

Answer 32

-unique linear sequence of amino acids in each polypeptide chain -single change can alter or destroy function

Question 33

secondary structure

Answer 33

portions that repeatedly coil or fold into patterns. result of hydrogen bonding between electronegative nitrogen and oxygen atoms and partially positive hydrogen atoms

Question 34

tertiary structure

Answer 34

result of interaction between atoms in the backbone, three dimensional shape

Question 35

denaturation

Answer 35

loss of both the structure and function of a protein

Question 36

quaternary struction

Answer 36

proteins composed of 2 or more polypeptides coming together

Question 37

nucleotide (covalent bonds)

Answer 37

nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group

Question 38

pyrimidines vs purines

Answer 38

-pyrimidines: single ringed (U,T,C) -purine: 2 ringed (A,G)

Question 39

glyceride (ester)

Answer 39

glcerol + fatty acids

Question 40

phosphodiester

Answer 40

phosphate + sugar (rna,dna)

Question 41

glycosidic

Answer 41

covalent bond that links monosaccharides together through dehydration