Peds > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

what are the norms for foot progression angle

A

-3 to 20

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2
Q

what is the norm for thigh foot angle

A

-5 to 30

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3
Q

what are the 5 major attributes to walking

A
  1. stability
  2. sufficient foot clearance
  3. appropriate p prepositioning of foot for initial contact
  4. adequate step length
  5. energy conservation
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4
Q

what are the pre-reqs for walking

A

-adequate motor control
-adequate ROM, strength, bone structure and composition
-intact sensation
-muscle activation pattern for pelvic stabilization

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5
Q

central pattern generators

A

networks of interneurons that produce rhythmic patterns without the need for sensory feedback

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

what is the purpose of a CPG

A

to organize muscle activation and firing patterns during gait

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8
Q

what are 3 examples of rhythmic patterns that CPGs are in charge of

A

-locomotion
-swallowing
-chewing

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9
Q

what part of the brain is needed for adaptive walking

A

cortical/brainstem control

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10
Q

ascending input provides what for the brain

A

tells the system about the environment and body position → fine-tunes the rhythm.

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11
Q

the descending pathway provides what for the brain

A

sets goals and adapts stepping to task demands.

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11
Q

when do fetuses show alternating leg movement

A

16 weeks

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12
Q

what is the stepping reflex believed to be a direct expression of

A

CPG activity

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13
Q

when does stepping reflex disappear

A

2 months

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14
Q

when does walking with support occur

A

10 months

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15
Q

when does independent walking with high guard occur

A

12 +/- 3 months

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16
Q

when does independent walking with erect posture occur

A

4 years

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17
Q

name the 7 phases of locomotion

A
  1. Stepping reflex 0-2 months
  2. Disappearance by 2 months
  3. Reappearance
  4. Walking with support (10 months)
  5. Independent walking with high guard (12 months)
  6. Independent walking arms by sides
  7. Independent walking with erect posture (4 years)
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18
Q

how much body fat increases from 6-12 months

A

25%

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19
Q

where does hip extensor strength begin

A

in prone, creeping, kneeling

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20
Q

why do babies move

A

they have an innate desire to discover things

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21
Q

where is COG located in infants

A

lower thoracic level

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22
Q

where is COG in older child

A

mid lumbar level

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23
Q

where is COM in adult

A

sacral

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24
babies should be able to do what with their eyes
dissociate eyes from the head
25
when do infants begin to weight bear
4 months
26
what is a crucial factor for the development of walking skills
practice
27
what is the last requirement to mature prior to gait initiation
postural control
28
when do anticipatory postural adjustments present themselves
1-4 months
29
Reactive strategy =
how the body responds after a sudden disturbance (like being pushed or losing balance).
30
Reactive strategy (1–2.5 yrs):
reflex-based (monosynaptic reflex), not refined postural control.
31
what are the 5 major determinants of mature gait
1. duration of SLS 2. walking velocity 3. cadence 4. step length 5. base of support
32
what happens to cadence in the first 2 years
very high cadence in 1 year and decrease rapidly 1-2 years
33
when does the baby reach adult level BOS
3.5-4 years
34
what is the average age of the first step characteristics
11.2 months
35
stride length of first step characteristics
short
36
Cadence pattern of first step characteristics
high
37
base of support first step characteristics
wide
38
type of foot contact for first step characteristics
flat foot
39
type of toes for first step characteristics
toes turned outward
40
arm swing of first step characteristics
no arm swing and high guard; scapular adduction
41
what is step style like for first step characteristics
rigid halting
42
trunk position for first step characteristics
leans forward to propel
43
ankle position for first step characteristics
co-activation in ankles during stance no heel strike or heel rise
44
what is the main hip position for the swing phase of first steps
excessive hip flexion abducted and external rotating
45
what is the knee position for the swing phase of first steps
does not fully extend at the terminal swing
46
what is the ankle position for the swing phase of first steps
gastroc fires at terminal swing = PF and toe initial contact
47
hip position of stance phase during first steps
abducted and external rotation -hip remains in slight flexion
48
kne position for the swing phase of first steps
knee flexion remains in midstance
49
ankle position in for the swing phase of first steps
slight PF at initial phase no heel off in terminal stance co-activation
50
posture at 15-18 months
arms at side
51
base of support at 15-18 months
large - diminished from 12 months
52
hip and knees position at 15-18 months
both are flexed throughout cycle
53
ankle position at 15-18 months
flat foot contact no push off changes
54
The baby is able to do what at 15-18 months
-able to change direction with ease
55
when does stepping to recover balance start
1-3 months
56
why is level of loading important
allows modulation of stepping response
57
when does loading increase
when hip extension increases
58
when does loading decrease
with increased hip flexion
59
what does upright mobility do to the ankles
transforms PF pattern to heel strike pattern
60
when does the heel strike occur
18-24 months emerges but not consistent
61
what does the hip look like @ 2 years
decreased abd/ext increase hip extension
62
what happens to stance phase @ 2 years
increase in duration of stance
63
what does arm swing look like @ 2 years
emerging arm swing
64
what does gait look like at 24 months
consistent heel strike develops and push off emerges -increase propulsion
65
what does the ankle look like @ 2 years
demonstrates reciprocity
66
what age do you see maximum valgus alignment at the tibiofemoral angle
3-3.5 years
67
when does the EMG have a mature pattern
3-3.5 years
68
when are the gait patterns fully mature
6-7 years
69
what age is the tibiofemoral angle neutral
6-7 years
70
what is the heel position at age 7
neutral
71
what is the position of the hip at 6-7 years old
femoral antetorsion of the hip is resolved but still greater than the adult
72
progression of gait involves transition from a synergistic pattern to
one with anticipatory postural control and precise movement
73
what are reasons that atypical gait development occurs
- skeletal modeling errors -reduced muscular flexibility -contractures
74
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