Gait

Question 1

Gait cycle- Stride

Answer 1

The period between the leg touching the ground once, and then again.

Question 2

Stance

Answer 2

The period in gait, where the foot is on the ground.

The decreases when the speed increase

Question 3

Swing

Answer 3

The period in gait where the foot is off the ground.

Question 4

Tasks in gait (purpose of stance and swing)

Answer 4

Stance

• Accepts weight
• Single limb support

Swing
- Limb advancement= the body moving forward to cover distance

Question 5

Phases of gait

Answer 5

Weight acceptance

• Initial contact
• Loading response

Single limb support

• Mid stance
• Terminal stance
• Pre swing

Question 6

Initial contact

• Description
• Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)

Answer 6

First part of gait cycle
- When the foot is in contact with the ground for the first time in the gait cycle.

Joints:

• Hip flexion
• Knee is neutral/ extended
• Ankle is dorsiflexion/ neural
• 1st MTPJ dorsiflex/ neutral

Question 7

Loading response

• Description
• Joints

Answer 7

Second stage of gait cycle.

Joints and muscles

• Knee flexion: reduces impact
• Ankle in plantar flexion: more stability, by increasing contact area
• 1 MTPJ joint neutral
• Hip flexion

Question 8

Terminal stance

Answer 8

Gait cycle- preparing for propulsion.

Muscles and joints:

Ankle in plantar flexion
Knee slightly flexed
Hip fully extend
Calf muscles allows push off

Question 9

Swing phase gait cycle

Answer 9

Foot is off the ground due to momentum

- Many muscles are not activated due to this

Question 10

Base of support

Answer 10

Total contact area with the ground
- Centre of mass has to be between base of support

During walking
- Two stance, one stance, two stance = changes in stability, straight line walking.

Question 11

Turning types

Answer 11

Healthy= spin turn

Neurological problem/ elderly
- Shuffle turn, to keep base support to increase stability

Question 12

Initial contact

- Muscles (Gracilis, knee flexors/extensors, ankle muscles, hip muscles)

Answer 12

Hip extensors
- Eccentric contraction for flexion control

Gracilis

• Isometric contraction
• Control hip flexion and knee extension

Knee flexors
- Concentric contraction= knee flexion

Knee extensors
- Eccentric contraction= controls knee flexion

Ankle dorsiflexors
- Eccentric contraction= prevents foot slapping

Question 13

Loading response

- Muscles (Gastrocnemius, knee flexors/extensors, ankle muscles, hip muscles)

Answer 13

Hip extensors
- Concentric contraction= starts hip extension

Knee flexors
- Concentric contraction= keep knee in flexion

Knee extensors
- Eccentric contraction= controls knee flexion

Ankle dorsiflexors
- Eccentric contraction= prevents foot slapping

Ankle plantar flexors
- Concentric contraction= brings foot to ground

Gastrocnemius
- Concentric contraction= knee flexion

Question 14

Mid-stance

• Description
• Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)

Answer 14

Balance of weight on one foot

Joints:

• Hip neutral
• Knee Extension
• Ankle neutral
• 1st MTPJ neutral

Question 15

Mid-stance

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastric, ankle)

Answer 15

Hip extensors
- Concentric contraction, keep hip extended

Knee flexors
- Eccentric contraction= controls extension

Gastric
- Eccentric= controls extension

Ankle plantar flexors
- Eccentric contraction= stabilise foot

Question 16

Terminal stance

• Description
• Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)

Answer 16

Heel of reference foot rises while its toes are still in contact with the ground

Joints:

• Hip extension
• Knee full extension
• Ankle dorsiflexion
• 1st MTPJ neutral/ dorsiflex

Question 17

Terminal stance

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)

Answer 17

Hip flexors
- Eccentric= control hip extension

Gastric
- eccentric contraction= controls knee extension

Ankle plantar flexors
- Eccentric contraction = ankle dorsiflexion

Question 18

Pre-swing

• Description
• Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)

Answer 18

Toes lift off

Joints:

• Hip neutral
• Knee flexion
• Ankle plantar flexion
• 1st MTPJ dorsiflex

Question 19

Pre-swing

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)

Answer 19

Hip flexors-
- Concentric= starts flexion

Gracilis
- Concentric contraction= assist knee flexion

Gastroc
- Concentric contraction= brings knee into flexion

Ankel plantar flexor
- Concentric contraction= propels body

Ankle dorsi flexor
- Concentric=Keep foot off ground.

Question 20

Initial swing

• Description
• Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)

Answer 20

Feet off ground

Joints

• Hip neutral
• Knee flexed
• Ankle neutral/ extend
• 1st MTPJ extension/ neutral

Question 21

Initial swing

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)

Answer 21

Hip flexors
- Concentric= flexion

Gracilis
- Concentric= knee flexion

Ankle dorsiflexor
- Concentric= foot off ground

Question 22

Mid-swing

• Description
• Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)

Answer 22

Bring foot back to the ground

Joints

• Hip starting to flex
• Knee flexion
• Ankle dorsiflexion
• 1st MTPJ dorsiflex

Question 23

Mid-swing

- Muscles (hip, knee, gracilis, ankle)

Answer 23

Hip extensors
- Eccentric= control flexion

Gracilis
- Concentric= hip and knee flexion

Knee flexor
- concentric= flex to keep lower leg off ground

Ankle dorsiflexors
- Concentric= keep foot off ground

Question 24

terminal-swing

• Description
• Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)

Answer 24

Joints:

• Hip flexion
• Knee flex/ neutral
• Ankle dorsiflex
• 1MTPJ dorsiflex

Question 25

terminal-swing | - Muscles (hip, knee, gracilis, ankle)

Answer 25

Hip extensor - Eccentric= control flexion Gracilis - Isometric= control hip flexion and knee extension Knee extensor - Concentric= knee to extension Ankle dorsiflexors - Concentric= foot off ground.

Question 26

Types of turning

Answer 26

Step turn Ipisilateral pivot Ipsilateral crossover

Question 27

Base of support

Answer 27

Area pithing an outline of all ground contact points

Question 28

Centre of mass

Answer 28

Average position of all parts of the system | - Weighted according to their masses

Question 29

Compensation in gait in people with OA

Answer 29

Increased usage of hip Increased usage of opposite knee Decreased usage of affected knee Reduced step length