Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

Question

Complications of GERD

Answer 1

**higher risk of cancer Esophagitis (Inflammation of Esophagus) Strictures (Abnormal narrowing of tube in body) Ulcerations (Open sores/ eroded away) Esophageal cancer chronic pulmonary disease

Answer 2

*difficulty swallowing Infections or inflammation changes in the oral cavity Esophageal Atresia (A= w/o & tresia = opening) (Defect of the esophagus ends in a pouch instead of stomach) Esophageal stenosis (steno= narrow) (Narrowing of the esophagus) or structure. Esophageal diverticulosis (Pouch like outpouching forms in the wall of the esophagus) tumors stroke cerebral damage (brain damage)

Answer 3

Infections or inflammation changes in the oral cavity Congenital Esophageal Atresia, Esophageal stenosis or structure. Esophageal diverticula tumors stroke cerebral damage achalasia (lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax) Parkinsons disease Alzheimers disease muscular dystrophy (progressive muscle weakness & muscle wasting) Huntingtons disease (Neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, cognition, behavior) cerebral palsy (permanent movement and posture disorders caused by nonprogressive brain injury or abnormal brain development that occurs before, during, or shortly after birth) multiple sclerosis (chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.) Guillian-Barre syndrome (acute autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, causing rapid muscle weakness and paralysis)

Answer 4

a sensation of food being stuck in the front of the throat choking coughing pocketing food in cheeks difficulty forming a food bolus delayed swallowing odynophagia

Answer 5

Painful swallowing causes and cues: can be similar to dysphagia

Answer 6

Inflammation of the stomach mucosal lining (the stomach or a region)

Answer 7

Can be mild transient irration or severe ulceration with hemmorhage Develops sudden nausea abdominal pain vomiting hiccups hematemesis

Answer 8

Develops gradually Erosive or nonerosive May be asymptomatic but usually accompanied by a dyspepsia (dull epigastric pain with nausea and heartburn) A sensation of fullness after minimal intake Nausea or vomiting Increase risk for peptic ulcers gastric cancer anemia Hemorrhage

Answer 9

(H. Pylori) Most common cause of chronic gastritis Embeds in the mucous layer Activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors may increase the susceptibility

Answer 10

Hematemesis and dark tarry stool

Answer 11

Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach (gastric) or duodenum (duodenal)

Answer 12

uncommon, but more serious with NSAID use and malignancy pain is **Worse with eating**

Answer 13

associated with excessive acid or helicobacter pylori infections. Epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food

Answer 14

major physiological stressor on the body (large burns, trauma, sepsis, surgery, or head injury)

Answer 15

Epigastric or abd. pain Abd. cramping Heartburn indigestion nausea vomiting hematemesis melena unexplained weight loss fatigue

Answer 16

Common condition that affects both genders and all ethnic groups relatively equally

Answer 17

Age obesity Diet rapid weight loss pregnancy hormone replacement long term parental nutrition

Answer 18

May very in size and shape

Answer 19

Inflammation or infection in the biliary system cause by calculi Varies in severity depending on the size and shape

Answer 20

can cause gallbladder rupture fistula formation gangrene hepatitis pancreatitis carcinoma

Answer 21

Biliary colic abd. distention nausea vomiting jaundice fever leukocytosis

Answer 22

Hepatitis Cirrhois Portal hypertension Ascites Hepatic encephalopathy Esophageal varices

Answer 23

Bile secretion Bilirubin metabolism Blood storage clotting factor synthesis Nutrient metabolism metabolic detoxification mineral and vitamin storage

Answer 24

Proceds though three phases Prodromal Icteric recovery phase

Answer 25

Period of fatigue (something doesn't feel right) anorexia malaise headache low grade fever Lasts 2 weeks

Answer 26

2 weeks after exposure to the virus and lasts up to 6 weeks

Answer 27

Onset of jaundice bilirubinuria or clay color stools Hepatomegaly right upper quad. pain

Answer 28

resolution of jaundice 8 weeks after exposure liver may still be enlarged for another 1-4 weeks

Answer 29

Continued hepatic disease lasting longer than 6 months Symptom severity and disease progression may vary depending on degree of liver damage Deteriorate with widespread hepatocyte necrosis Fibrosis Diffuse scarring Cirrhosis Increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 30

Inflammation of the liver

Answer 31

infection (usually viral) contagious Usually recover with time and no damage Age and comorbidities increase risk of liver failure cancer or cirrhosis

Answer 32

alcohol meds (Tylenol, antiseizure meds, and antibiotics) or autoimmune disease (SLE, RA) Usually recover, may develop liver failure cancer or cirrhosis Not contagious can be acute or chronic, active or non active

Answer 33

Fecal- oral from another infected person: contaminated food and water supplies 1-2 months No carrier state No chronic Yes vaccine DX: Blood detection of anti-HAV

Answer 34

contact from blood or body fluids from woman to fetus Antigen forms - been there before 2-3 months Yes carrier state Yes chronic Yes vaccine DX: blood detection of Hep B surface antigen (HBsAg)

Answer 35

excessive tattoos, needle use Contact with infected blood 2-3 months Yes carrier state Yes chronic No vaccine DX: blood detection of anti-HCV

Answer 36

infected blood and bodily fluids woman to fetus must have surface antigen B present (HBsAg) to be infected 2-3 months Yes carrier Yes chronic No vaccine DX: Blood detection of anti-HDV

Answer 37

Fecal-Oral from another infected person 1-2 months No carrier No chronic No vaccine DX: Blood detection of anti-HEV

Answer 38

Chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to hepatocytes resulting in Cellular death of the liver and damage Can develop still after the removal of the underlying cause

Answer 39

Hepatitis All the factors that lead to hepatitis

Answer 40

can develop hep c and chronic alcohol abuse | most frequent causes of cirrhosis in the U.S.

Answer 41

* Portal hypertension * varicosities of the abdomen and esophagus * enlargement of nearby organs * Bleeding, slow or severe, in the esophagus * Ascites * Jaundice Intolerence to fat and fat soluble vitamin deficiency Clay-colored stools Bilirubinuria (dark urine) Intense itching

Answer 42

Most common in cirrhosis fluid accumulates within the paratineal cavity Portal Hypertension Elevated pressure in the liver Leads to increase in hydrostatic and osmotic pressure Increased capillary permeability and fluid movement into the interstitial space

Answer 43

Inflammation of the pancreas acute or chronic

Answer 44

causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate auto digestion resulting in edema vascular damage hemorrhage necrosis

Answer 45

Fibrosis causing exocrine and endocrine changes and dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans

Answer 46

Considered a medical emergency mortality increases with age and comorbidity

Answer 47

Obstructing cholelithiasis (gallstone)

Answer 48

Sudden and severe Sudden upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back nausea vomiting anorexia diarrhea Mild jaundice Elevated amylase and lipase

Answer 49

Leads to irreversible cellular and tissue changes Impact exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas Most common cause is chronic alcohol abuse

Answer 50

Severe intermittent episodes of upper abd. pain radiating to back diarrhea steatorrhea (fatty stool) weight loss

Answer 51

Change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool

Answer 52

Increased fluid secretion decreased fluid absorption alteration in GI peristalsis

Answer 53

Often caused by viral or bacterial infections ( C. diff) or certain meds (antibiotics, antacids, laxatives) Self limiting Infectious most likely viral Cramps Fever chills nausea vomiting blood/ pus/ mucous hyperactive bowel sounds fluid and electrolyte imbalances

Answer 54

Last longer then 4 weeks

Answer 55

Inflammatory bowel diseases malabsorption syndromes endocrine disorders chemotherapy and radiation

Answer 56

Stools are large, loose, and provoked by eating Usually accompanied by pain in the right lower quad.

Answer 57

Stools are small and frequent Freq. accompanied by pain and cramping in the left lower quad.

Answer 58

Change in the bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool in reference to the individuals typical bowel pattern

Answer 59

Large intestine longer then usual Increasing the amount of water removed

Answer 60

Low-fiber diet Not a lot of physical activity insufficient fluid intake delaying the urge to defecate laxative abuse stress travel bowel diseases certain medications mental health problems neurologic diseases colon cancer

Answer 61

Children who are toilet training Lead to functional fecal incont. Repetitive voluntary or involuntary passage of stool in inappropriate places in children 4 or older

Answer 62

Pain during the passage of bowel movement inability to pass stool after straining or pushing for more than 10 min no bowel movement for more then 3 days hypoactive bowel sounds

Answer 63

anal bleeding anal fissure pH disturbances Hemorrhoids diverticulitis impaction intestinal obstruction fistula

Answer 64

Blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine or large intestine

Answer 65

Foreign bodies tumors adhesions hernias intussusception volvulus strictures Crohns disease diverticulitis fecal impaction

Answer 66

Neurologic impairment intra-abdominal surgery complications chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances intra-abdominal infections abd. blood supply impairment renal and lung disease Use certain meds.

Answer 67

Become impaired, leading to ischemia and necrosis

Answer 68

can seep into the abd. as the pressure increases

Answer 69

Perforation pH imbalances Fluid disturbances shock death

Answer 70

abd. distention abd. cramping colicky pain nausea vomiting constipation diarrhea steatorrhea decreased or absent bowel sounds restlessness diaphoresis tachycardia progressing to weakness confusion shock

Answer 71

Inflammation of the appendix Caused by infection from trapped fecal material

Answer 72

local tissue edema obstructing the appendix

Answer 73

Inside the appendix microorganisms proliferate (multiply)

Answer 74

Purulent exudate Area blood vessels become compressed Ischemia and necrosis develop

Answer 75

Escalates, forcing bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures

Answer 76

Abscesses Peritonitis gangrene death

Answer 77

Sharp right lower abd. pain towards the umbilicus gradually intensifies (12-24 hours) Rebound tenderness Pain may occur anywhere in abd. Pain will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, then pain will return and escalate Nausea vomiting abd. distention occasional diarrhea

Answer 78

Inflammation of the peritoneum (lining of the abd.)

Answer 79

Chemical irritation (ruptured gallbladder) direct organism invasion (appendicitis) Bacteria escape into the peritoneal cavity, triggering inflammation, infection and septic shock

Answer 80

Sudden and severe Large volumes of fluid leak into the peritoneal cavity Nausea and vomiting Decreased peristalsis Intestinal obstruction Indicators of infection (fever, malaise, leukocytosis) Indications of sepsis and shock (tachycardia, hypotension, restlessness, and diaphoresis)

Answer 81

Abd. rigidity/ pain Due to inflammation and abd. muscle spasms

Answer 82

Also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy Inherited, autoimmune, malabsorption disorder, most common in Caucasian females Primarily a childhood disease, but can develop at any age

Answer 83

A combination of the immune response to an environmental factor (gliadin) and genetic predisposition Defect in the intestinal enzymes that prevent digestion of gliadin (product of gluten digestion) Intestinal villi atrophy and flatten, decreased enzyme production, less surface area for absorption

Answer 84

Anemia arthralgia myalgia bone disease dental enamel defects and discoloration intestinal cancers depression growth and development delays in children hair loss hypoglycemia mouth ulcers increased bleeding tendencies neurologic disorders skin disorders vitamin or mineral deficiency endocrine disorders

Answer 85

Abd. pain Abd. distension bloating gas indigestion constipation diarrhea changes in appetite lactose intolerance nausea vomiting steatorrhea unexplained weight loss irritability lethargy malaise behavioral changes

Answer 86

Chronic inflammation autoimmune condition (genetic and environmental factors)

Answer 87

Patchy areas of inflammation (skip lesions) involving the full thickness of the intestinal wall and can lead to ulceration, fistula, and abscesses

Answer 88

Becomes thick and rigid, granulomas develop, and the intestinal lumen becomes narrowed and potentially obstructed

Answer 89

Loses the ability to digest and absorb

Answer 90

Abd. cramping and pain (RLQ), diarrhea, steatorrhea, constipation, palpable abd. mass, melena, anorexia, weight loss, Indications of inflammation (fever, fatigue, arthralgia, and malaise)

Answer 91

Progressive condition of the large intestinal mucosa

Answer 92

Chronic autoimmune inflammation triggered by T-cell accumulation in the colon mucosa causes epithelium loss, surface erosion, and ulceration that begins in the rectum and extends to the descending colon

Answer 93

Becomes inflamed, edematous, and friable

Answer 94

can result in abscesses, ulcerations, and hemorrhage

Answer 95

blood diarrhea, watery stool with blood and mucus, abd. pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, fever, and indications of inflammation (fever, fatigue, and malaise)

Answer 96

Location: small intestine and ascending colon Pattern: Skip lesions Depth: primarily submucosa Diarrhea: watery Abd. Pain: yes Bowel obstruction: common Cancer risk: increased

Answer 97

Location: descending colon Pattern: continuous Depth: primarily mucosa Diarrhea: bloody Abd. Pain: Yes Bowel obstruction: uncommon Cancer risk: Higher risk than with Crohns

Answer 98

Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections of large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer

Answer 99

Congenital or acquired

Answer 100

A low-fiber diet and poor bowel habits that result in chronic constipation

Answer 101

can become weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools and chronic constipation

Answer 102

Abd. pain in LLQ, guarding, and rigidity, fever, nausea, vomiting and sudden rectal bleeding

Answer 103

Asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually with multiple diverticula present

Answer 104

Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter

Answer 105

Potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious

Answer 106

Onset: usually gradual but can be sudden Location: periumbilical early: RLQ late Characteristics: diffuse early, localized late Description: ache Radiation: none Intensity: ++ to +++

Answer 107

Onset: Sudden Location: RUQ or MUQ Characteristics: Localized Description: cramping radiation: back or right shoulder Intensity: ++

Answer 108

Onset: sudden Location: epigastric, upper abd. Character: Localized Description: Blunt Radiation: back Intensity: ++ to +++

Answer 109

The reversible change of one mature cell type into another mature cell type.

Answer 110

To help cells adapt to a persistent stressor or environmental change.

Answer 111

Yes, if the stressor is removed, cells can return to their normal type.

Answer 112

Cells may develop pathologic or precancerous changes.

Answer 113

Squamous epithelium of the esophagus changes to glandular epithelium.

Answer 114

Chronic exposure to stomach acid.

Answer 115

Barrett’s esophagus.

Answer 116

Columnar cells in bronchial tubes change to squamous cells.

Answer 117

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke or toxins.

Answer 118

Replacement of normal columnar cells with squamous cells to withstand stress.

Answer 119

Increased risk of dysplasia and cancer if stress continues.

Answer 120

A protective survival mechanism against chronic irritation.

Answer 121

Metaplasia is adaptive and reversible; dysplasia is abnormal growth and potentially precancerous.

Answer 122

Inflammation of the stomach lining (gastric mucosa) that impairs gastric function.

Answer 123

Acute and chronic.

Answer 124

Gastric mucosa (stomach lining).

Answer 125

Impaired stomach function and inflammation.

Answer 126

Protection, digestion, and limited absorption.

Answer 127

Water and alcohol.

Answer 128

Destroys microorganisms and harmful substances.

Answer 129

Acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.

Answer 130

Food and liquids mix with gastric secretions.

Answer 131

Mucus, acid, enzymes, hormones, and intrinsic factor.

Answer 132

Protects the stomach lining from acid damage.

Answer 133

Breaks down food and kills microorganisms.

Answer 134

Aid in chemical digestion of food.

Answer 135

Substance necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.

Answer 136

Gastric glands.

Answer 137

Specialized epithelial cells lining gastric glands.

Answer 138

Prevents vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia.

Answer 139

Digestion and protective functions are impaired.

Answer 140

Short-term inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Answer 141

Ingestion of irritants such as aspirin (NSAIDs), alcohol, and microorganisms.

Answer 142

Occurs suddenly and lasts for a short period.

Answer 143

Yes, if the causative agent is removed.

Answer 144

The role of acid hypersecretion is unclear.

Answer 145

Functions best in a highly acidic environment.

Answer 146

Inhibition of protective mucus production.

Answer 147

Gastric mucosa becomes vulnerable to acid damage.

Answer 148

Ranges from mild redness (erythema) to erosion and perforation.

Answer 149

Redness caused by inflammation.

Answer 150

Epithelial cells become necrotic.

Answer 151

Gastric tissue becomes eroded.

Answer 152

Hemorrhage (bleeding).

Answer 153

It corrodes nearby gastric tissue.

Answer 154

Gastric perforation.

Answer 155

Damage and erosion of gastric blood vessels.

Answer 156

Irritant exposure → decreased mucus → acid injury → inflammation, necrosis, and possible bleeding or perforation.

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

(181 cards)