Patho. Chp. 7

Question 1

Leukemia definition

Answer 1

Malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cells (blasts).

Question 2

Primary problem in leukemia

Answer 2

Replacement of normal bone marrow with nonfunctioning immature blast cells.

Question 3

Blast cells

Answer 3

Immature white blood cells that cannot function properly.

Question 4

Causes/risk factors for leukemia

Answer 4

Ionizing radiation, chemicals, alkylating drugs, chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 5

Two main leukemia classifications

Answer 5

Acute vs Chronic.

Question 6

Cell lineage classification

Answer 6

Lymphoid or Myeloid.

Question 7

Acute leukemia onset

Answer 7

Rapid onset with sudden loss of function.

Question 8

Chronic leukemia onset

Answer 8

Gradual onset with vague or no early symptoms.

Question 9

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Answer 9

Most common childhood leukemia; affects lymphoblasts.

Question 10

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Answer 10

Most common acute leukemia in adults; affects myeloid precursors.

Question 11

Pathophysiology of acute leukemia

Answer 11

Blasts crowd bone marrow and decrease RBCs, platelets, and functional WBCs.

Question 12

Effects of bone marrow suppression

Answer 12

Anemia, infection risk, bleeding.

Question 13

Common clinical manifestations of acute leukemia

Answer 13

Fatigue, infections, bruising, bleeding, bone pain, fever, weight loss.

Question 14

Reason for infection risk in leukemia

Answer 14

Immature, nonfunctional WBCs.

Question 15

Reason for bleeding/bruising

Answer 15

Thrombocytopenia.

Question 16

Reason for fatigue

Answer 16

Anemia.

Question 17

Organ infiltration sites

Answer 17

Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, CNS.

Question 18

CNS involvement symptoms

Answer 18

Headache, vomiting, seizures, visual changes.

Question 19

Diagnostic criterion for acute leukemia

Answer 19

> 20% blast cells in blood or bone marrow.

Question 20

Goal of leukemia treatment

Answer 20

Remission (blast cells <5%).

Question 21

ALL treatment

Answer 21

Combination chemotherapy plus prophylactic intrathecal CNS therapy.

Question 22

AML treatment

Answer 22

Systemic chemotherapy (induction and postremission).

Question 23

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Answer 23

Accumulation of dysfunctional B lymphocytes.

Question 24

CLL key problem

Answer 24

Impaired antibody production leading to infection.

Question 25

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Answer 25

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells.

Question 26

Philadelphia chromosome

Answer 26

Chromosome 9 and 22 translocation seen in CML.

Question 27

Philadelphia chromosome effect

Answer 27

Produces abnormal tyrosine kinase causing uncontrolled cell growth.

Question 28

Common findings in chronic leukemia

Answer 28

Fatigue, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, infections.

Question 29

How chronic leukemia is often discovered

Answer 29

Incidentally on routine CBC showing high WBC count.

Question 30

Treatment options for chronic leukemia

Answer 30

Observation (early CLL), chemotherapy, stem cell transplant.

Question 31

WBC level requiring urgent treatment

Answer 31

>100,000/mm³ due to risk of vascular obstruction.

Question 32

Lymphoma definition

Answer 32

Malignant tumor of lymphocytes forming solid masses in lymph tissue.

Question 33

Two main lymphoma types

Answer 33

Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Question 34

Hodgkin lymphoma hallmark

Answer 34

Reed-Sternberg cells.

Question 35

Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 35

Multinucleated malignant B cells diagnostic for Hodgkin lymphoma.

Question 36

Common presentation of Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 36

Painless enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

Question 37

Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors

Answer 37

Epstein-Barr virus, immunosuppression, genetic factors.

Question 38

Systemic “B symptoms”

Answer 38

Fever, night sweats, weight loss.

Question 39

Other Hodgkin manifestations

Answer 39

Fatigue, pruritus, mediastinal mass.

Question 40

Hodgkin lymphoma staging system

Answer 40

Ann Arbor staging (Stages I–IV).

Question 41

Hodgkin lymphoma treatment

Answer 41

Chemotherapy ± radiation ± stem cell transplant.

Question 42

Hodgkin lymphoma prognosis

Answer 42

About 85% 5-year survival.

Question 43

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) definition

Answer 43

Group of B-cell or T-cell malignancies without Reed-Sternberg cells.

Question 44

Most common NHL cell type

Answer 44

B-cell (about 85%).

Question 45

NHL spread pattern

Answer 45

Noncontiguous lymph nodes and extranodal organs.

Question 46

NHL risk factors

Answer 46

Immunodeficiency, infections, chronic inflammation, genetic mutations.

Question 47

Common NHL presentation

Answer 47

Painless lymph node enlargement with systemic symptoms.

Question 48

Organs commonly involved in NHL

Answer 48

Liver, spleen, bone marrow.

Question 49

Diagnosis of lymphoma

Answer 49

Lymph node biopsy.

Question 50

Treatment for early-stage NHL

Answer 50

Radiation therapy.

Question 51

Treatment for advanced NHL

Answer 51

Combination chemotherapy ± stem cell transplant.

Question 52

Overall 5-year survival for NHL

Answer 52

About 60%.