Gender

Question 1

Sex and Gender A03

Answer 1

+ smith and lloyd , cross dressing supports sex role stereotypes
+ mead found fem - masc and masc - fem sex role stereotypes in new gunea
+ gender matched sex ( Bem) , 24% m and 27%f are androgenous

• BSRI lacks temporal validity due to socal change

Question 2

Role of Chromosomes AO1 :

Answer 2

• 23rd pair detremines bio sexx , XX= female , XY = male
• SRY gene on Y chromosome leads to development of genitals

Question 3

Role of Hormones AO1 + AO3 :

Answer 3

• hormones ingluence brain anatomy + development
• this may influence gender identity + behaviour
• testosterone , leads to changes in brain which links to aggressive male behaviour
• oestrogen , secondary sexual chracteristics + regulates menstruation , linked to caring behaviour and irritation
• Oxytocin , produced in high conc at birth / breast feeding , love hormone - helps bond with baby .

AO3
+ reearch helps develop hormone treatments to help bonding with infants
- animal studies = limited application to humans
+ WAGNER , castrated male mice reduced aggressive behaviour , when injected testosterone aggression returned
+VAN LEENGOED , due to a drug female mice stopped producing oxytocin which reduced maternal behaviours

Question 4

Atypical sex chromosomes AO1 + AO3:

Answer 4

• Klinefelters syndrome - biologically male
  . XXY chromosome
  . lacks faial hair , tall , long limbs , small testes , breast tissue , cognitive difficulties , passive
• Turners syndrome - female
  . XO chromosome , no menstrual cycle ,short , limited breast development ,wide chest , immature appearance , high verbal and writing abilities , socially immature

AO3
+research has led to therapies to treat psych and physical symptoms of disorders
- sensitive , problematic to assume future defficulties as condition is rare , may be due to unusual personal experiences

Question 5

Cognitive: gender development, Kohlberg’s theory A01 :

Answer 5

• children’s understanding of gender actively develops due to intellectual development/exp Kohlberg’s theory:
• stages (S1-3) due to maturation (brain development), socialisation (learning cultural norms) & lessening ego centrism (starting to see from other people’s perspective)
  -Gender Identity: S1. 2-3yr aware of their own gender as boy/girl. identify others gender, but not aware of permanence. - Gender Stability: S2. 4-5yr aware of own gender fixed over time.
• Confused by others non-normative appearance/roles
• Gender Consistency: S3. 5yr+ recognises everyone’s gender is consistent over time despite unusual context (eg hair) Same sex role models: After consistency children identify and imitate same gendered individuals

Question 6

Cognitive: gender development, Kohlberg’s theory A01 :

Answer 6

+ Slaby & Frey (1975) showed children in consistency stage watched same sex role model in video more than opposite. * Martin and little (1990) showed children as young as 3 showed strong sex preference for and stereotypical understanding of toys/clothes, younger than the consistency stage.
- Biological explanations , innate not learnt - lack validity due to the limited ability of young children to communicate
- relies on researchers interpretation

Question 7

Cognitive: gender development, gender schema theory A01 :

Answer 7

• gender schemas are mental representations , what are stereotypically male and female behaviours., what is expected from others
• child develop gender schemas, around 2yrs. “ingroup” = child’s gender, and “out-group” = opposite gender. Children focus on
  “ingroup”,

Question 8

Cognitive: gender development, gender schema theory A03:

Answer 8

+ Martin and Halverson (1983) in recall 5-6 yr children switched the genders people shown in drawings to match the gendered activity (e.g., cutting wood male). suggesting children have schemas for gender appropriate behaviour

+Alexander and Hines (2002) showed vervet monkeys with no prior experience preferred to play with masculine toys Car View pr Pradutinine toys (Dolls) if female suggesting preference for gendered objects is instinctual

Question 9

Psychodynamic gender development AO1 + AO3:

Answer 9

• behaviour from unconscious thought processes
• resolution of oedipus - boys and electra complex - females
• imitation + internalistaion

AO3
+ Little hans
- unsientific , uses case studies
- lacks temporal validity
- alterantive explanations

Question 10

What is resolution of the Oedipus complex?

Answer 10

• boys develop sexula feelings towards mom
• see father as threat and rival
• causes catration anxiety
• resolved by identifying with mother

Question 11

What is resolution of the Electra complex?

Answer 11

• penis envy
• in competition for mom and dads love
• identify with mom
• develop desire fro baby instead of penis

Question 12

SLT - gender development AO1 + AO3 :

Answer 12

• developed from experienced
• learn appropriate behaviour via , observing , rewards and vicarious reinforcement
• role models
• identification + imitations
• mediational proceses ARRM

AO3
+ smith and lloyd , cross dressing
an older brother resulted in more masc
+ behaviour in fem + males , if older sis more fem in males (Rust)
+ SLT can be used positively eg in ads , wome in stem , inspire

• biology
• struggles to explain atypical gender development as non traditional gender is punished

Question 13

Culture and media on gender roles AO1 and AO3 :

Answer 13

• if gender varies btwn cultures , suggest a psychological not bio source of gender roles
• reinforcemnt in each culture
  media > behaviours potrayed as attractive are likely
• imitation more likely when role models are same sex , similar nd hih status

AO3 :
+ mead > evidence of non western normative gender roles as women are more active , decision makers etc
+ media role eg males in business roles , women in domestic rles in ads
+ the same media can also be used to enforce +ve gender stereotypes

• is media a caue a mirror of already existing stereotypes

Question 14

Atypical gender development AO1 :

Answer 14

• gender dysphoria > mismatch btwn assigned sex and pychological experiences
• due to brain func , hormones , genes
• males identification with mom due to lack of same sex parent
• fewsame sex role models
• reinforcemtn of non typical gender behaviour

AO3 :
+ post mortems found that hypothalamic areas closer to gender reassigned than birth sex
- social sensitivity