General Navigation

Question 1

Departure

Answer 1

Cos (latitude) x change in longitude

Question 2

Earth Convergency

Answer 2

Sin (mean latitude) x change in longitude

Question 3

Conversion angle
(Great circle to rhumb line)

Answer 3

Convergency / 2

Question 4

Max geodetic / geocentric error occurs at…

Answer 4

At 45N and 45S latitudes

Question 5

Greatest difference between rhumb line and great circle track occurs on…

Answer 5

East-west tracks at high latitudes

Question 6

Parallel of latitude is a…

Answer 6

Rhumb line and a small circle

Question 7

Line of equal magnet dip

Answer 7

Isocline or isoclinic line
A ‘line of magnetic latitude’

Question 8

Line of equal magnetic variation

Answer 8

Isogonal

Question 9

3 properties of a Conformal chart

Answer 9

Shapes / angles are shown correctly

Meridians are perpendicular to parallels (can be curved or straight graticule)

Straight lines are a great circle

Question 10

Type of chart produced by cylindrical projection

Answer 10

Direct Mercator

Question 11

Type of chart produced by conical projection

Answer 11

Lambert Conformal

Question 12

Type of chart produced by plane projection

Answer 12

Polar stereo graphic

Question 13

Constant of cone of lambert chart

Answer 13

Sin (latitude of parallel of origin)

Question 14

Line of zero magnetic variation

Answer 14

Agonic

Question 15

Magnetic equator

Answer 15

Aclinic line

Question 16

Direct Mercator straight line is a…

Answer 16

Rhumb line

Question 17

Direct Mercator scale at any latitude and is…

Answer 17

Scale = scale at equator * (1/cos(latitude))

Question 18

Rate of descent formula
(3deg glidepath)

Answer 18

RoD(ft/min) = 5 x Groundspeed(kts)

Question 19

Track error angle formula

Answer 19

TEA = distance off track * 60 / distance along track

Question 20

Average ground speed calculations

Answer 20

Use 2/3 TAS and W/V for climb problems

Use 1/2 TAS and W/V for descent problems

Question 21

MDR cross wind component

Answer 21

Angle / 60 * wind speed

Question 22

MDR wind correction angle

Answer 22

Crosswind x 60 / TAS

Question 23

MDR headwind component

Answer 23

(90 - angle) / 60 x wind speed

Question 24

Earths closest point to the sun

Time of year and name

Answer 24

Perihelion

January

Question 25

Earths furthest point from the sun Time of year & name

Answer 25

Aphelion July

Question 26

Axis of earth inclination (Angle between plane of ecliptic and equator)

Answer 26

23.5 degrees

Question 27

Zenith

Answer 27

Imaginary point on the celestial body directly above a specific location

Question 28

Declination

Answer 28

The angular displacement of a celestial body (north or south) of the celestial equator Greatest rate of change at the spring and autumnal equinox

Question 29

Arctic / Antarctic circle latitudes

Answer 29

66deg 33mins N / S

Question 30

66.5N latitude

Answer 30

Above this latitude there are winter days when the sun does not rise

Question 31

65.5N

Answer 31

Above this latitude there are summer days when the sun does not set

Question 32

60.5N latitude

Answer 32

Above this latitude there are summer days when the sun exists in a state of continuous civil twilight

Question 33

Keplers first law

Answer 33

Orbital path of a planet around the sun is shaped like an eclipse

Question 34

Keplers second law

Answer 34

The area swept by the planets orbit around the sun per unit time is constant

Question 35

Keplers third law

Answer 35

The square of the time taken for the planet to orbit is proportional to the cube of the mean distance from the sun

Question 36

Length of sidereal day

Answer 36

23 hr 56 mins 4 secs

Question 37

Visible horizon

Answer 37

34 minutes of arc below the sensible horizon

Question 38

Arc distance of centre of sun below the visible horizon Civil twilight

Answer 38

16 arc minutes

Question 39

Morning civil twilight

Answer 39

Starts when centre of sun is 6 degrees below horizon and and ends at sunrise

Question 40

Evening civil twilight

Answer 40

Starts at sunset and ends when centre of sun is 6 degrees below horizon

Question 41

Day length changes quickest at

Answer 41

Spring and autumn equinoxes

Question 42

Day length is at a max & min at the

Answer 42

Summer solstice Winter solstice

Question 43

TAS rule of thumb calculation (From CAS)

Answer 43

Increases at 2% of CAS for every 1000ft altitude

Question 44

Lambert chart Scale Great circle Rhumb lines Convergency

Answer 44

Scale correct at standard parallels Scale expands north and south or parallels, contracts in between (min at PoO) Great circles are lines concave to the parallel of origin Rhumb lines are concave to the pole Max of 16deg latitude between standard parallels (24 total) ensures: Great circles are straight lines Scale is constant Convergency is change of long times sin PoO Used between 80N and 80S Scale distortion is less than 1% within standard parallels, 5< outside standard parallels

Question 45

Mercator chart Scale Great circle Rhumb lines Convergency

Answer 45

Scale correct at equator Expands at secant of latitude Great circle is a line concave to equator Rhumb line is a straight line Convergency is zero (constant) Used between 70N to 70S

Question 46

Polar stereo graphic Scale Great circle Rhumb lines

Answer 46

Scale correct at pole, expands moving away from pole Chart convergency correct at pole, equal to change in longitude elsewhere Great circle is a straight line through pole, or line concave to pole elsewhere Rhumb line is a curve concentric to pole Used 80N/S to pole

Question 47

What are these lines?

Answer 47

1. FIR boundary 2. Class a airspace (airway) 3. CTR zone boundary 4. Uncontrolled route

Question 48

What are these symbols?

Answer 48

5. Advisory airspace 6. Non compulsory reporting point 7. Compulsory reporting point 8. Waypoint

Question 49

What are these symbols?

Answer 49

15. Aeronautical ground light 16. Lightship

Question 50

What are these symbols?

Answer 50

1. Flyover way point 2. Flyby way point

Question 51

What are these symbols?

Answer 51

1. Compulsory reporting point, fly by 2. On request reporting point, fly over 3. On request fly by way point 4. Closed aerodrome 5. VOR checkpoint 6. RVR observation point 7. Aerodrome reference point 8. Tree or shrub