1
Q
Total Air Temp Formula
A
TAT = SAT x (1 + 0.2KM^2)
Temp in kelvin!
2
Q
EMF produced by thermocouple formula
A
E = K x Th
3
Q
Altimeter required accuracy
A
+/- 60ft for test range up to 30,000ft
+/- 80ft for test range up to 50,000ft
4
Q
Density altitude formula
A
Density Altitude = Pressure Altitude + (120 x ISAdev)
5
Q
Pitot blockage in descent.
ASI will?
A
Under-read
PuD
6
Q
Static port blockage in descent.
ASI will?
A
Over-read
SoD
7
Q
CAS corrected for compressibility is…
A
EAS (equivalent air speed)
8
Q
Compressibility becomes significant above…
A
200 KT CAS and 10,000 ft
9
Q
True Airspeed is…
A
Equivalent Air Speed corrected for air density
10
Q
Airspeed correction pneumonic
A
ICET
PCD
11
Q
Local speed of sound formula
A
LSS = 38.94*sqrt(T)
T in kelvin
12
Q
Relationship between Mach number, true, equivalent, and calibrated air speed can be shown with a…
A
E C T M diagram
13
Q
Climb or descent through an isothermal layer
A
Both true airspeed and Mach number remain constant
(T and m lines constant on diagram)
14
Q
Climb or descent through an inversion layer
A
True airspeed and Mach number relationship is swapped/inverted
I.e E C M T diagram instead of
15
Q
Magnet turning errors are a maximum when…
A
Turning through north and south
Maximised at the poles (most dip)
Proportional to amount of bank angle
16
Q
Gyroscope topple is maximum and minimum where?
A
Max at equator
Min at poles
17
Q
Horizontal gyroscope apparent drift is max and min where?
A
Max at poles
Min at equator
18
Q
Gyro transport wander
A
I.e convergency
Change of long x sin (mean latitude)
19
Q
Real and apparent gyro drift occurs in which plane?
A
Horizontal
20
Q
Real and apparent gyro topple occurs in which plane?
A
Vertical
21
Q
Gyro precession
A
Force or torque acting on gyro is precessed 90 degrees in the direction of gyro rotation
22
Q
Ring laser gyroscope
2 advantages over conventional gyros
A
Low sensitivity to g forces (don’t topple)
No run up time
23
Q
Real vs apparent gyro wander
A
Real is due to manufacturing defects
Apparent is due to the reference frame of the observer moving relative to the gyro position in space
24
Q
Angle of bank for rate 1 turn formula
A
AoB = (TAS / 10) + 7
25
Air driven AI gyro rotates…
Anti clockwise
(looking from above)
26
Electric driven AI gyro rotates…
Clockwise
(looking from above)
27
Air driven AI indication error in a 360 degree turn
90 - indicates pitch up, bank under reads
180 - indicates max pitch up, bank is correct
270 - indicates pitch up, bank over reads
28
Air driven AI indicates what during take off acceleration
Pitch up
Bank to the right
29
Electric driven AI erects to the vertical by…
Two mercury tilt switches that drive two torque motors to erect the gyro to vertical
30
Purpose of compass calibration
Calculation of residual deviations following compass swing, to be recorded on compass card
31
What is the compass compensation process?
Compass swing process and adjustment of compass to minimise error between magnetic heading and compass headings
32
Two types of gyro wander
Drift
Topple
33
DI drift per hour formula
ER drift/hr = 15 x sin (latitude)
34
Latitude nut induces…
Real wander to a DI gyro to counteract apparent wander due to Earths rotation at a specific latitude
35
Apparent DI drift in the northern hemisphere is in which direction?
To the right (negative)
I.e travelling east
36
Apparent DI drift in the southern hemisphere is in which direction?
To the left (positive)
37
DI total drift formula
Total drift = real wander + earth rotation + latitude nut + transport wander
38
Apparent drift is comprised of…
Transport wander
And
Wander due to Earth’s rotation
39
If VOR, LOC or ILS indicators are added to a Remote Indicating Gyro Compass is becomes a…
Horizontal Situation Indicator
(HSI)
40
Remote indicating compass deviation correction is achieved by…
Adjusting the electromagnetic field near the flux valve with permanent magnets
41
Remote indicating compass should be accurate to within…
+/- 5 degrees
42
Remote indicating compass auto slaving speed is…
2 deg per minute
43
EASA Allowable accuracy of INS system
1.5NM per hour
In reality INSs frequently achieve 0.5NM/hr or more,
IRSs as little as 0.2NM/hr
44
An INS system is comprised of
A single platform
Two accelerometers
Three rate integrating gyros
45
In an INS the coordinate system direction convention is
X = North / south
Y = east / west
Z = altitude
46
A strap down IRS differs from a conventional INS in that
The three laser ring gyros and three accelerometers are fixed to the aircraft body
It can provide inertial altitude information
47
The stable platform wander angle INS system differs from the stable platform conventional INS in that
The platform is not kept aligned with magnetic north
The system keeps track of position relative to magnetic north by integrating the azimuth gyro angular rotation
48
IRS initialisation process
Accelerometers sense the gravity vector
Earth rotation sensed by the RLGs to compute true north and approx. Latitude
Pilot inputs lat and long
Initialisation takes 5-10 mins at temperate latitudes
49
FMS navigation database is updated every…
28 days
50
A FMS consists of…
Flight management computer (FMC)
Control display unit (CDU)
FMC contains the navigation and performance databases
51
FMS performance database is updated…
When required
52
FMS cost index
Ratio of;
Flight time costs (dry) in USD
Divided by,
Fuel costs in cents per lb
53
ACARS
Aircraft communications addressing and reporting system
54
CPDLC
Controller pilot data link communications
55
APFDS
Automatic pilot flight director system
56
FCC
Flight control computers
57
Flex take off
Uses a higher than ambient temp input to achieve a reduced thrust setting for take off
58
Without GPS the most accurate radio position updates come from…
Double DME
59
ANP
Actual Navigation Performance
60
RNP
Required Navigational Performance
61
Cruise speed option
ECON CRUISE is
Best range speed modified by the cost index
62
Cruise speed option
LRC is
Long range cruise
4% faster than still air best range speed, but provides 99% range
63
Cruise speed option
RTA is
Required time of arrival
Calculates the speed required
64
True north shown on EFIS ND compass when at these latitudes…
Above 73N
Below 60/65S
65
Boeing EFIS ND VOR deviation scale
2 dots each side
Each dot represents 5 degrees
Full scale deflection is 10 degrees
66
Boeing EFIS ND ILS deviation scale
2 dots each side
Each dot represents 1.25 degrees
Full scale deflection is 2.5 degrees
67
Boeing weather radar rainfall colour scale (mm/hr)
Black: 0-1
Green: 1-4
Yellow: 4-12
Red: 12-50
Magenta: >50
68
CPDLC can use which transmission systems?
VHF
HF
SATCOM
69
CPDLC VHF advantages & disadvantages
Advantages
Cheap
High quality transmission
Disadvantages
Line of sight only
Medium speed or transmission
70
CPDLC HF advantages & disadvantages
Advantages
Available in polar regions
Disadvantages
Propagation affected by ionospheric conditions
71
CPDLC SATCOM advantages & disadvantages
Advantages
Not affected by ionospheric conditions
Fastest data route
Disadvantages
Expensive
Not available in polar regions
72
Mach tuck is…
Nose down attitude caused by the main wing CofP moving rearward to about 50% MAC at Mach no.s of 0.75 to 1.0
73
ILS categories
CAT 1, guidance to 200ft
CAT 2, guidance to 100ft
CAT 3, guidance to touchdown and beyond
74
Radio altimeter sweeping frequency
4200 to 4400 MHz
(4300 centre, SHF)
Higher sweep frequency gives better accuracy closer to the ground
75
Radio altimeter accuracy
+- 2ft for first 500ft
1.5% > 500ft
76
EICAS
Engine indicating and crew alerting system
77
GPAWS modes (1-7)
1 sink rate (SINK RATE)
2 ground proximity (TERRAIN)
3 altitude loss after TO (DONT SINK)
4 incorrect landing config (too low terrain)
4a too low gear
4b too low flaps
5 below glideslope (GLIDESLOPE)
6 minimum and bank angle
7 windshear
78
TCAS
Traffic collision avoidance system
79
TCAS caution area
48-35s to go
80
TCAS warning area
35-15s to go
81
TCAS range
30NM and +- 2,700ft in terminal areas
Reduced in areas of high traffic density but guaranteed to 6NM
82
TCAS proximate traffic
Not within 6NM or +-1,200ft
Shown with blue diamond
83
Three types of tachometer
Mechanical
Electrical
Electronic
84
Mechanical tachometer
Cable connected to engine shaft rotates a magnet in an aluminium drag cup. The cup is connected to a resistance spring and tachometer needle. Torque is proportional to engine speed.
85
Electrical tachometer types
DC
Single phase AC
Three phase AC
86
Advantages / disadvantages of DC tachometer
Does not have to be close to engine
Wear of brushes/sparking causes radio interference
Voltage drop due to resistance which causes under read of rpm
87
Advantages / disadvantages of AC tachometer (single phase)
Does not have to be close to engine
Voltage drop due to line resistance which causes under read of rpm
88
Advantages / disadvantages of AC tachometer (three phase)
Does not have to be close to engine
Does not spark or create radio interference
Frequency output is sensed to determine engine speed
More wiring than DC and single phase AC
89
Three phase electrical tachometer consists of
Three phase generator
Synchronous motor
Magnetic tachometer
90
Electronic tachometer consists of
Inductive probe and a notched wheel
Also called a phonic wheel
Outputs an analogue sin wave of varying amplitude and frequency that is processed to a digital signal
Needs a power supply to work
91
Capacitive fuel measurement
Uses capacitance to measure volume of fuel above unusuable fuel level
Relies on principal that fuel dielectric constant is double that of air and proportional to density
Only indicates usable fuel and gauge will go to zero if power is removed or system fails
92
Charge formula Q
Q = C x V
C = capacitance
V = voltage
93
Capacitance formula C
C = E x A / d
E = dielectric permittivity
A = area of the plates
d = distance between the plates
94
A CPU has what three components
A control unit
Arithmetic and logic unit
Small high speed memory / registers
95
Computer assembly language
Used to programme mission critical software
More user friendly than machine code
Is a low level language
Files must be abstracted in to machine code to be used by computers
96
Computer High level language
Most commonly used to write computer programs
Uses a high degree of abstraction to improve user friendliness
Must be converted by a compiler before it can be used by the computer
97
Types of data storage
Chip circuit
Magnetic tape
Optical disk
98
Software types for EFB devices
Type a - no effect on flight functionally/performance
Type b - some effect. E.g charts / checklists
Type c - control of aircraft systems lost
99
HUDs consist of the following components
HUD glass panel/display
Computer
Projector
Declutter button
100
Synthetic vision systems (SVS) generate an image using…
Digital terrain data
Navigation data
Vertical obstruction database
101
Enhanced vision systems (EVS) generate their image using
Near and far infrared cameras
102
EFB (electronic flight bag) hardware is classified in to two categories…
Installed
&
Portable
103
Turbine fuel line flow measurement uses a
Phonic sensor to count impulses/numbers of rotation to determine volumetric flow rate of fuel
104
IRS alignment time
5 mins at equator
10 mins at 70N
17 mins close to pole
105
Latitude nut induces
Real wander
106
Total drift =
Real wander + earth rotation + transport wander + latitude nut
107
Remote indicating compass error detector is also known as
Selsyn unit
108
Stable platform ins
Platform kept level
Aligned to true north
Three rate gyros
Two accelerometers
109
110
Wander angle ins
Same as stable platform except not kept aligned to true north
Better for navigation in polar regions
111
FMS nav inputs in priority/accuracy order
GPS
DME/dme
DME/vor
VOR/vor
112
Horizontally tied gyro experiences
Drift at the poles
No wander at the equator
ATPL Mod 1
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Decks in class (4)
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