General features (Every woman of reproductive age with abdominal pain should undergo a pregnancy test!)
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when an embryo attaches outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It is frequently associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may lead to stenosis of the fallopian tubes. This prevents the fertilized egg from passing through to the uterus, instead causing it to attach to the tube itself. In addition to signs of pregnancy, symptoms include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The first diagnostic step is to confirm the pregnancy with a β-hCG test, which should be followed by a transvaginal ultrasound to determine the location of the pregnancy and the fetal heartbeat. Uncomplicated ectopic pregnancies often resolve spontaneously and are usually difficult to diagnose. Patients are typically hemodynamically stable with low, declining hCG concentrations (< 5000 IU/L). Complicated cases may involve tubal abortion or rupture, which can lead to intraabdominal bleeding and shock. Whereas uncomplicated cases are treated conservatively (e.g., methotrexate or expectant management), complicated ectopic pregnancy requires surgical removal. In cases of abdominal pain in women of reproductive age, it is therefore important to rule out ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Ricordiamo che beta-HGC raggiunge il picco alla decima settimana.
Cause
Risk factors
Anatomic alteration of the fallopian tubes is the main cause of ectopic pregnancy. It may be due to:
Non‑anatomical risk factors
Localizzazione
-Fallopian tube (96% of cases): ampulla»_space; isthmus > fimbriae > interstitial pregnancy : e.g., cornual pregnancy
NB La localizzazione ampollare è quella con meno complicanze!
Clinica
Patients usually present with signs and symptoms 4–6 weeks after their last menstrual period.
Rottura
Discriminatory zona
In donna con amenorrea e aumento di beta-HCG oltre 1000, la non visualizzazione di una camera gestazionale intrauterina cosi come la mancanza di battito cardiaco fetale è fortemente sospetta di GEU
Sono tutti segni indiretti, la vera diagnosi sarebbe la visualizzazione di una camera gestazionale esterna con battito cardiaco , ma è una evenienza rara, meno del 5% dei casi
Evoluzione
Nel 10% dei casi c’è risoluzione spntanea con aborto tubarico. Nel restante 90% si verifica una rottura tubarica
Trattamento
VIGILE ATTESA
METHOTREXATE (continuare a monitirare con i dosaggi e con eco TV) ( β-hCG levels should occur within a week of MTX administration)
CHIRURGIA
-paziente e modinamicamente instabile, salpingectomia