GIT & Accessory Organs Flashcards by Mind Med

Why must most dietary nutrients undergo digestion before absorption?
A. They are lipid-soluble and cannot diffuse
B. They are macromolecules that cannot cross epithelial membranes
C. They require bile salts to be transported in blood
D. They are toxic in their native form

B. They are macromolecules that cannot cross epithelial membranes

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The gastrointestinal tract represents the largest immune organ of the body primarily because it:
A. Contains the highest concentration of antibodies in plasma
B. Is exposed continuously to external antigens
C. Produces the majority of circulating lymphocytes
D. Is responsible for vaccine absorption

B. Is exposed continuously to external antigens

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Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae?
A. Submucosa
B. Muscularis externa
C. Mucosa
D. Serosa

C. Mucosa

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The primary function of the muscularis mucosae is to:
A. Propel contents along the GI tract
B. Control blood flow to the mucosa
C. Produce digestive enzymes
D. Generate local mucosal folding

D. Generate local mucosal folding

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Which structure primarily regulates gastrointestinal motility by coordinating smooth muscle contraction?
A. Submucosal plexus
B. Myenteric plexus
C. Vagus nerve
D. Pelvic nerve

B. Myenteric plexus

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Venous blood from the gastrointestinal tract first enters which circulation before returning to the heart?
A. Pulmonary circulation
B. Coronary circulation
C. Portal circulation
D. Lymphatic circulation

C. Portal circulation

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Postprandial hyperemia refers to:
A. Increased gastric acid secretion after a meal
B. Increased intestinal blood flow after a meal
C. Increased lymphatic drainage of lipids
D. Increased intestinal motility after fasting

B. Increased intestinal blood flow after a meal

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Receptive relaxation of the stomach allows:
A. Increased gastric acid secretion
B. Rapid gastric emptying
C. Accommodation of food without increased pressure
D. Increased segmentation contractions

C. Accommodation of food without increased pressure

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Which stomach region is primarily responsible for mixing and grinding gastric contents?
A. Fundus
B. Body
C. Antrum
D. Cardia

C. Antrum

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Retropulsion in the stomach primarily serves to:
A. Accelerate gastric emptying
B. Prevent reflux into the esophagus
C. Enhance mechanical digestion
D. Neutralize gastric acid

C. Enhance mechanical digestion

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Hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells depends directly on the activity of the:
A. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase
B. Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchanger
C. H⁺/K⁺-ATPase
D. Ca²⁺-ATPase

C. H⁺/K⁺-ATPase

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The alkaline tide that occurs after a meal is caused by:
A. Secretion of bicarbonate into the stomach
B. Movement of bicarbonate into the bloodstream
C. Neutralization of acid in the duodenum
D. Increased renal bicarbonate reabsorption

B. Movement of bicarbonate into the bloodstream

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Which combination of mediators acts synergistically to stimulate maximal gastric acid secretion?
A. Secretin, CCK, somatostatin
B. Gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine
C. Histamine, prostaglandins, nitric oxide
D. Acetylcholine, serotonin, motilin

B. Gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine

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Somatostatin primarily functions to:
A. Stimulate acid secretion
B. Increase gastric motility
C. Inhibit gastrin and acid secretion
D. Enhance mucosal growth

C. Inhibit gastrin and acid secretion

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The predominant motility pattern of the small intestine during digestion is:
A. Mass movement
B. Peristalsis
C. Segmentation
D. Migrating motor complex

C. Segmentation

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Which hormone is released in response to acidic chyme in the duodenum and stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion?
A. Gastrin
B. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Secretin
D. Motilin

C. Secretin

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Cholecystokinin (CCK) primarily functions to:
A. Increase gastric acid secretion
B. Inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion
C. Stimulate gallbladder contraction
D. Increase gastric emptying

C. Stimulate gallbladder contraction

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The enterogastric response primarily functions to:
A. Increase gastric secretion
B. Enhance intestinal absorption
C. Slow gastric emptying
D. Stimulate gastric motility

D. Stimulate gastric motility

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The vagovagal reflex is best described as a reflex in which:
A. Both afferent and efferent limbs are contained within the enteric nervous system
B. Afferent signals travel via the vagus nerve and efferent signals return via the vagus nerve
C. Afferent signals travel via sympathetic nerves and efferent signals return via parasympathetic nerves
D. The reflex is confined to the myenteric plexus

B. Afferent signals travel via the vagus nerve and efferent signals return via the vagus nerve

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Receptive relaxation of the stomach is mediated primarily by:
A. Local enteric reflexes only
B. Sympathetic inhibition of smooth muscle
C. Vagal afferent and efferent pathways
D. Hormonal stimulation by gastrin

C. Vagal afferent and efferent pathways

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Which reflex is primarily responsible for inhibiting gastric emptying in response to duodenal distension?
A. Gastrocolic reflex
B. Enterogastric reflex
C. Intestino-intestinal reflex
D. Peristaltic reflex

B. Enterogastric reflex

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The peristaltic reflex in the intestine is characterized by:
A. Contraction ahead of the bolus and relaxation behind it
B. Relaxation ahead of the bolus and contraction behind it
C. Uniform contraction along the intestinal wall
D. Inhibition of circular muscle activity

B. Relaxation ahead of the bolus and contraction behind it

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Which component of the enteric nervous system primarily regulates gastrointestinal secretion?
A. Myenteric plexus
B. Submucosal plexus
C. Vagus nerve
D. Sympathetic ganglia

B. Submucosal plexus

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The gastrocolic reflex results in:
A. Inhibition of colonic motility after a meal
B. Relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter
C. Increased colonic motility following gastric distension
D. Reduced gastric acid secretion

C. Increased colonic motility following gastric distension

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The migrating motor complex (MMC) is best described as: A. A postprandial motility pattern B. A fasting motility pattern that clears residual contents C. A reflex triggered by gastric distension D. A hormone-induced contraction of the colon

B. A fasting motility pattern that clears residual contents

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for inhibitory signaling in enteric reflexes? A. Acetylcholine B. Substance P C. Nitric oxide D. Norepinephrine

C. Nitric oxide

The intestino-intestinal reflex primarily functions to: A. Promote propulsion of chyme B. Inhibit motility in adjacent intestinal segments C. Increase secretion in response to distension D. Enhance nutrient absorption

B. Inhibit motility in adjacent intestinal segments

Gastrin is primarily released in response to: A. Acidic chyme in the duodenum B. Fatty acids in the jejunum C. Peptides and amino acids in the stomach D. Carbohydrates in the ileum

C. Peptides and amino acids in the stomach

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released primarily from which cells? A. G cells B. D cells C. I cells D. S cells

C. I cells

Which hormone is most responsible for stimulating gallbladder contraction? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Somatostatin D. Cholecystokinin

D. Cholecystokinin

Somatostatin acts mainly as: A. A stimulatory hormone for acid secretion B. A local inhibitory regulator C. A promoter of gastric emptying D. A hormone that enhances motility

B. A local inhibitory regulator

Histamine released from ECL cells acts via which receptor to stimulate acid secretion? A. H₁ B. H₂ C. H₃ D. H₄

B. H₂

Motilin is most closely associated with: A. Postprandial gastric secretion B. Inhibition of acid secretion C. Initiation of the migrating motor complex D. Gallbladder contraction

C. Initiation of the migrating motor complex

Which hormone slows gastric emptying in response to fats in the duodenum? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. CCK D. Motilin

C. CCK

Enteroendocrine cells are best described as cells that: A. Act only via paracrine signaling B. Secrete enzymes into the lumen C. Release hormones in response to luminal stimuli D. Regulate motility independently of hormones

C. Release hormones in response to luminal stimuli

Which hormone has both endocrine and paracrine actions in the gastrointestinal tract? A. Secretin B. Gastrin C. Motilin D. Somatostatin

D. Somatostatin

TRUE OR FALSE: The enterogastric reflex accelerates gastric emptying in response to duodenal distension

FALSE – inhibits gastric emptying

TRUE OR FALSE: Secretin is released in response to fatty acids in the duodenum.

Answer: FALSE – acidic chyme

TRUE OR FALSE: The vagovagal reflex involves afferent and efferent pathways that both travel through the sympathetic nervous system.

FALSE – parasympathetic (vagus nerve)

TRUE OR FALSE: Histamine acts as a paracrine mediator in the regulation of gastric acid secretion.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Motilin is secreted during the postprandial period to stimulate digestion

FALSE – fasting period

TRUE OR FALSE: GIP is secreted by K cells

True

TRUE OR FALSE: GIP stimulates glucagon secretion and reduces gastric motility

False it stimulates INSULIN secretion

TRUE OR FALSE: CCK inhibits gastric emptying

True

First hormone ever identified? A. Gastrin B. Cholecystokinin (CCK) C. Secretin D. Motilin

C. Secretin

A patient with autoimmune destruction of parietal cells is most likely to develop which condition? A. Iron-deficiency anemia due to impaired absorption B. Pernicious anemia due to loss of intrinsic factor C. Peptic ulcer disease due to excess acid secretion D. Lactose intolerance due to brush-border enzyme loss

B. Pernicious anemia due to loss of intrinsic factor

Damage to the ileum would most directly impair absorption of which substance? A. Iron B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin B₁₂ D. Vitamin D

C. Vitamin B₁₂

Which condition results from reduced lower esophageal sphincter tone and leads to chronic exposure of the esophagus to gastric acid? A. Achalasia B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) C. Peptic ulcer disease D. Zollinger–Ellison syndrome

B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Zollinger–Ellison syndrome is characterized by excessive gastric acid secretion due to: A. Hyperplasia of parietal cells B. Increased vagal stimulation C. A gastrin-secreting tumor D. Reduced somatostatin activity

C. A gastrin-secreting tumor

Celiac disease leads to malabsorption primarily because of: A. Increased gastric acid secretion B. Loss of intestinal villi and reduced surface area C. Decreased bile salt production D. Impaired pancreatic enzyme activation

B. Loss of intestinal villi and reduced surface area

A patient who has undergone surgical resection of the stomach is at greatest risk for which complication related to digestion? A. Hypersecretion of gastric acid B. Impaired carbohydrate absorption C. Rapid gastric emptying and dumping syndrome D. Reduced bile salt recycling

C. Rapid gastric emptying and dumping syndrome

Failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter with impaired peristalsis of the esophagus is characteristic of: A. GERD B. Achalasia C. Hiatal hernia D. Esophageal varices

B. Achalasia

Histmine is released primarily from which cells? A. G cells B. D cells C. ECL cells D. S cells

C. ECL cells

TRUE OR FALSE: Secretin inhibits acid secretion and stimulates pancreatic HCO3 secretion

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Spike waves are superimposed on basal electrical rhythm

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The higher the slow wave potential rises, the greater the frequency of the spike potentials

True

TRUE OR FALSE: slow waves usually do not by themselves cause muscle contraction, except in the stomach

True Source: Guyton (Chapter 63)

TRUE OR FALSE: Gastrointestinal smooth muscle functions as a syncytium

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The vitamin stored in greatest quantity in the liver is vitamin A

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Transforming growth factor-β is a potent stimulator of liver cell proliferation

False it is an INHIBITOR and the main terminator of liver regeneration

TRUE OR FALSE: liver is able to restore itself after tissue loss, as long as the injury is uncomplicated by viral infection or inflammation

true Source: Guyton (Chapter 71)

TRUE OR FALSE: The liver is a blood reservoir in times of excess blood volume and capable of supplying extra blood in times of diminished blood volume

True Source: Guyton (Chapter 71)

associated with anorexia nervosa a. leptin b. ghrelin

b. ghrelin

acts to increase appetite a. leptin b. ghrelin

b. ghrelin

decreased with fasting a. leptin b. ghrelin

a. leptin

increases on a empty stomach a. leptin b. ghrelin

b. ghrelin

found in the stomach a. leptin b. ghrelin

b. ghrelin

stimulates pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone a. leptin b. ghrelin

b. ghrelin

found in adipose tissue a. leptin b. ghrelin

a. leptin

acts to decrease appetite a. leptin b. ghrelin

a. leptin

increased while feeding or with obesity a. leptin b. ghrelin

a. leptin

boosts metabolism a. leptin b. ghrelin

a. leptin

quiescent slowest a. MMC phase 1 b. MMC phase 2 c. MMC phase 3 d. MMC phase 4 e. NOTA

a. MMC phase 1

weak contraction gradually returning to baseline a. MMC phase 1 b. MMC phase 2 c. MMC phase 3 d. MMC phase 4 e. NOTA

d. MMC phase 4

intermittent AP a. MMC phase 1 b. MMC phase 2 c. MMC phase 3 d. MMC phase 4 e. NOTA

b. MMC phase 2

gradual increase in intensity and frequency a. MMC phase 1 b. MMC phase 2 c. MMC phase 3 d. MMC phase 4 e. NOTA

b. MMC phase 2

"housekeeper wave" sweeps the GIT clean for another bulk activity a. MMC phase 1 b. MMC phase 2 c. MMC phase 3 d. MMC phase 4 e. AOTA

c. MMC phase 3

intense large regular contractions a. MMC phase 1 b. MMC phase 2 c. MMC phase 3 d. MMC phase 4 e. NOTA

c. MMC phase 3

fastest, shortest phase a. MMC phase 1 b. MMC phase 2 c. MMC phase 3 d. MMC phase 4 e. NOTA

c. MMC phase 3

adjacent segmental contractions of GIT a. peristalsis b. segmentation c. haustral contractions d. mass movement

a. peristalsis

nonadjacent segmental contractions of GIT a. peristalsis b. segmentation c. haustral contractions d. mass movement

b. segmentation

uniform contractions of the transverse colon to move contents towards rectum a. peristalsis b. segmentation c. haustral contractions d. mass movement

d. mass movement

only occurs in the large intestine a. peristalsis b. segmentation c. haustral contractions d. mass movement

c. haustral contractions

mixing movement of muscles a. peristalsis b. segmentation c. haustral contractions d. mass movement

b. segmentation

due to constriction via ACh and relaxation via NO a. peristalsis b. segmentation c. haustral contractions d. mass movement

a. peristalsis

involuntary contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles a. peristalsis b. segmentation c. haustral contractions d. mass movement

a. peristalsis

swallow induced a. primary peristalsis b. secondary peristalsis

a. primary peristalsis

stretched induced a. primary peristalsis b. secondary peristalsis

b. secondary peristalsis

for esophageal clearance of leftover bolus a. primary peristalsis b. secondary peristalsis

b. secondary peristalsis

rabbit dropping a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

a. Stool Type 1

liquid consistency with no solid pieces "gravy" a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

g. Stool Type 7

seen in mild constipation a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

b. Stool Type 2

soft blobs with clear cub edges chicken nuggets a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

e. Stool Type 5

"porridge" mushy consistency with ragged edges a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

f. Stool Type 6

lumpy and sausage-like bunch of grapes a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

b. Stool Type 2

seen in severe diarrhea a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

g. Stool Type 7

normal stool, soft sausage with cracks on the surface corn on cob a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

c. Stool Type 3

indicates a lack of fiber a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

e. Stool Type 5

normal stool, soft sausage or snake-like a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

d. Stool Type 4

seen in severe constipation separate hard lumps a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

a. Stool Type 1

mild diarrhea a. Stool Type 1 b. Stool Type 2 c. Stool Type 3 d. Stool Type 4 e. Stool Type 5 f. Stool Type 6 g. Stool Type 7

f. Stool Type 6

pacemaker cells of the GIT?

interstitial cells of Cajal

true AP, stimulates muscle contraction a. slow waves b. spike potential c. AOTA d. NOTA

b. spike potential

from craniosacral outflow a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. AOTA d. NOTA

b. parasympathetic

block movement of food through the gut a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

a. sympathetic

uses Acetylcholine a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. AOTA d. NOTA

b. parasympathetic cholinergic

from thoracolumbar outflow a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

a. sympathetic

uses Epinephrine a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. AOTA d. NOTA

a. sympathetic

stimulates enteric NS a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. AOTA d. NOTA

b. parasympathetic

secrete mucin in alkaline fluid a. surface mucous cells b. mucous neck cells c. parietal cells d. chief cells

a. surface mucous cells

secrete intrinsic factor a. surface mucous cells b. mucous neck cells c. parietal cells d. chief cells

c. parietal cells

secrete pepsinogen and lipase a. surface mucous cells b. mucous neck cells c. parietal cells d. chief cells

d. chief cells

secrete mucin in acidic fluid a. surface mucous cells b. mucous neck cells c. parietal cells d. chief cells

b. mucous neck cells

secrete HCl a. surface mucous cells b. mucous neck cells c. parietal cells d. chief cells

c. parietal cells

between circular and longitudinal layers A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus

B. Myenteric plexus

between muscularis and submucosa A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus

A. Submucosal plexus

TRUE OR FALSE: Tonic contraction of the GIT smooth muscle is continuous and is not associated with the basic electrical rhythm of the slow waves

True

TRUE OR FALSE: myenteric plexus secrete vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

True

Describe the "Law of the Gut"

“receptive relaxation,” allows the food to be propelled more easily toward the anus than toward the mouth myenteric reflex or the peristaltic reflex “polarized” in the anal direction

TRUE OR FALSE: During swallowing, the trachea is closed and the esophagus is opened

True

TRUE OR FALSE: During swallowing, the soft palate is pulled upward and the palatopharyngeal folds are pulled laterally

False palatopharyngeal folds on each side of the pharynx are pulled medially

Which structure provide extensive innervation to the esophagus, stomach, and pancreas and the first half of the large intestine? A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus C. Vagus nerve D. Pelvic nerve

C. Vagus nerve

Which structure provide extensive innervation sigmoidal, rectal, and anal regions? A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus C. Vagus nerve D. Pelvic nerve

D. Pelvic nerve

Which structure represent the cranial parasympathetic nerve fibers? A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus C. Vagus nerve D. Pelvic nerve

C. Vagus nerve

Which structure execute the defecation reflexes? A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus C. Vagus nerve D. Pelvic nerve

D. Pelvic nerve

Which structure represent the cranial sympathetic nerve fibers? A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus C. Vagus nerve D. Pelvic nerve

D. Pelvic nerve

Describe the "Autoregulatory escape" of GIT Blood Flow

local metabolic vasodilator mechanisms that are elicited by ischemia override the sympathetic vasoconstriction, returning toward normal the necessary nutrient blood flow to the gastrointestinal glands and muscle vasodilator hormones > sympathetic

TRUE OR FALSE: During swallowing, the vocal cords of the larynx are strongly approximated, and the larynx is pulled upward and anteriorly by the neck muscles

True

TRUE OR FALSE: When food enters the stomach, a vagovagal reflex reduces the tone in the muscular wall of the body of the stomach to accommodate greater quantities of bolus

True

TRUE OR FALSE: weak peristaltic constrictor waves occurs only when food enters the stomach

True these are also called mixing waves, initiated by the gut wall basic electrical rhythm

Which hormone enhance the activity of the pyloric pump and promotes stomach emptying? A. Gastrin B. Cholecystokinin (CCK) C. Secretin D. Motilin

A. Gastrin

TRUE OR FALSE: The appetite area of the brain is located in the anterior hypothalamus

True

the following exhibits phasic smooth muscle, except: a. antrum of stomach b. portal vein c. UES d. LES

d. LES

the following exhibits phasic smooth muscle, except: a. fundus of stomach b. intestine c. taenia coli d. esophagus

a. fundus of stomach

TRUE OR FALSE: Stimulation of the Sphincter of Oddi results in its relaxation.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The ENS have varicosities that allow the release of the neurotransmitter along the whole length of the axon rather than on one pointed area

True

TRUE OR FALSE: (+) BER indicate neuronal activation and therefore the presence of spike potential

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Isotonic solutions are released from the stomach first followed by the hypertonic solutions then hypotonic solution.

False Isotonic > hypotonic > hypertonic

storage area a. fundus of stomach b. body of stomach c. antrum of stomach

a. fundus of stomach

(+) peristaltic or churning movements a. fundus of stomach b. body of stomach c. antrum of stomach

b. body of stomach

(+) segmentation & retropulsive movements a. fundus of stomach b. body of stomach c. antrum of stomach

c. antrum of stomach

Pacemaker Region a. fundus of stomach b. body of stomach c. antrum of stomach

b. body of stomach

tonic contraction, without slow waves a. fundus of stomach b. pylorus of stomach

a. fundus of stomach

phasic contraction, with slow waves a. fundus of stomach b. pylorus of stomach

b. pylorus of stomach

Gas build up in the stomach increases pressure in the cardia. The pressure receptors indirectly stimulate the vagus nerve to cause LES relaxation. a. both true b. both false c. 1st statement is true d. 2nd statement is true

a. both true

Heartburn and regurgitation occurring infrequently (less than one a week a. stage 1 GERD b. stage 2 GERD c. stage 3 GERD d. stage 4 GERD

a. stage 1 GERD

Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer a. stage 1 GERD b. stage 2 GERD c. stage 3 GERD d. stage 4 GERD

d. stage 4 GERD

difficulty swallowing, cough, change in voice, non cardiac chest pain, noendoscopic finding a. stage 1 GERD b. stage 2 GERD c. stage 3 GERD d. stage 4 GERD

c. stage 3 GERD

daily antisecretory therapy a. stage 1 GERD b. stage 2 GERD c. stage 3 GERD d. stage 4 GERD

b. stage 2 GERD

TRUE OR FALSE Excess motility in the colon causes less absorption and diarrhea or loose feces

True

cutting or nipping a. Incisors b. Canines (Cuspids) c. Premolars (Bicuspids) d. Molars (Tricuspids)

a. Incisors

for grinding of food a. Incisors b. Canines (Cuspids) c. Premolars (Bicuspids) d. Molars (Tricuspids)

d. Molars (Tricuspids)

for tearing or piercing of food a. Incisors b. Canines (Cuspids) c. Premolars (Bicuspids) d. Molars (Tricuspids)

b. Canines (Cuspids)

for crushing of food a. Incisors b. Canines (Cuspids) c. Premolars (Bicuspids) d. Molars (Tricuspids)

c. Premolars (Bicuspids)

Acts as a shock absorber a. Cementum b. Dentine c. Enamel

b. Dentine

TRUE OR FALSE: There are no 3rd molar (4) and premolars (8) in the primary (baby) teeth

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Bilirubin is conjugated before reaching the liver

unconjugated

TRUE OR FALSE: Molars come before premolars

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Bilirubin-glucuronide excreted into small intestine as bile

True

TRUE OR FALSE: glucose in the saliva indicates that a person is suffering from diabetes mellitus

True

Stercobilin a. Enterohepatic circulation b. Fecal excretion c. Renal excretion

b. Fecal excretion

Urobilin a. Enterohepatic circulation b. Fecal excretion c. Renal excretion

c. Renal excretion

TRUE OR FALSE: Most bile is reabsorbed in the terminal Ileum via portal vein by MMCs (mediated by Motilin) during the interdigestive state

True

TRUE OR FALSE: In the acinus, saliva have a consistency similar to that of the plasma

True

Phase of salivary secretion where it is a conditioned reflex a. Cephalic phase b. Buccal phase c. Esophageal d. Gastric e. Intestinal

a. Cephalic phase

TRUE OR FALSE: Salivary secretion is the only digestive secretion that is controlled only by neural factor

True

The following are vasodilators of liver vessels, except: a. Carbon monoxide b. NO c. SH2 d. Prostaglandins e. Thromboxane A2

e. Thromboxane A2

increased conjugated bilirubin with pale stools and dark urine a. Gallbladder jaundice b. Liver jaundice

a. Gallbladder jaundice

Phase of salivary secretion where it is a unconditioned reflex a. Cephalic phase b. Buccal phase c. Esophageal d. Gastric e. Intestinal

b. Buccal phase

mixed elevation of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin with usually normal-colored stools a. Gallbladder jaundice b. Liver jaundice

b. Liver jaundice

TRUE OR FALSE: Enterokinase activates trypsinogen into trypsin

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Cl is secreted by acinar cells, while HCO3 is secreted by ductular cells

True

TRUE OR FALSE: pancreatic amylase is secreted in an active form and used as a marker for secretion of ductal cells

False used as a marker for secretion of acinar cells

Stimulated by the presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum a. CCK b. Secretin

b. Secretin

Binds into the intercalated duct for the secretion of HCO3 and H2O to neutralize the acidic chyme a. CCK b. Secretin

b. Secretin

Will lead to the release of digestive enzymes fordigestive functions a. CCK b. Secretin

a. CCK

Stimulated by the presence of amino acid and fatty acid in the chyme a. CCK b. Secretin

a. CCK

TRUE OR FALSE: Peristalsis in the stomach occurs due to circular muscle contraction and longitudinal muscle relaxation

True

GIT & Accessory Organs Flashcards

(178 cards)